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Women’s Rights in the MENA Region: Progress & Obstacles

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Women's Rights in the MENA Region - Progresses & Obstacles

A Background to Women’s Rights in the MENA Region

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and an imperative foundation which lays the groundwork for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. The development of women’s rights in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has seen much progress and obstacles over the past decade. However, the unequal status of women stands out as a particularly challenging problem.

Following “International Women’s Day” last month, this article provides a snapshot of the development of women’s rights in the MENA region as of April 2023. MENA countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

The MENA region has a reputation for struggling with gender equality. Therefore, this article focuses on this region. However, it is important to emphasize that the MENA region is not the only place women experience inequality. Gender inequality is also seen in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and North America. Undoubtedly, women continue to face discrimination and significant barriers to fully realizing their rights worldwide.

Any Progress in the MENA Region?

Governments are developing stronger laws and policies to support women’s rights.

Significant laws, policies, and programming developments have focused on gender equality within the MENA region. Moreover, women’s representation in government has increased.

Many countries in the region have established “national women’s machinery”. This machinery is used in government offices, departments, commissions, or ministries. All these provide government leadership and support in achieving gender equality.

Furthermore, there have been notable improvements in education and health within gender-related indices. There has been an increase in specialized programming to support women’s rights and empowerment in this region.

Women struggle to uphold their rights in places like Palestine. It is international human rights laws and conventions which are helping women in advocating for and strengthening their fight. Since the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the State of Palestine in March 2014, civil society organizations and women human rights defenders have publicly advocated for the implementation of the Convention and the passing of a Family Protection Bill, pending since the early 2000s, which would specifically address gender-based discrimination and violence. In turn, this will help to edge women closer towards gender equality in the occupied Palestinian territory.

Women are increasing their role in civil society and advocating their rights

Women are increasing their engagement in civil society. Women’s and youth feminist civil society has started to dominate the political scene in advocating for and securing gains. In Iran, millions of young women took to the street following Mahsa Amini’s death in police custody for improperly wearing her hijab. These women risked their lives to change the system. Many were arrested and beaten and now face the death penalty for speaking out. This demonstrates women’s power in standing up against authoritarian regimes and fighting oppression.

Women's Rights in the MENA Region: Progres & Obstacles - Masha Amini
Caption: Thousands walk to the cemetery of Masha Amini’s funeral in Iran supporting women’s rights in September 2022.

The Iranian government is brutally repressing women’s voices who courageously stand up for their freedom. The UN has called Iran a “gender apartheid” on women.

Read more: Mahsa Amini: Iranian Women Are Leading an Extraordinary Revolution.

Women’s civil society actively engages internationally with the “Women’s Peace and Security” agenda. Remarkably, women activists have testified before the United Nations Security Council. The UN Women highlighted the gender impact of conflict and occupation on women’s rights.

What Obstacles Hinder the Development of Women’s Rights in the MENA Region?

Women face many inequalities within the MENA society, correlating them as second-class citizens with little to no protection from violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded existing inequalities. Moreover, factors significantly reducing space for constructive civil society engagement with governments include ongoing conflict, the revival of extremist religious groups, and increased political turmoil. These international crises created many setbacks in passing long-term legal change.

Poverty & gender-based violence

The 2022 global poverty update from the World Bank reports that the MENA region is the only place worldwide where the extreme poverty rate increased between 2010 and 2020. Poverty has a detrimental impact on women’s rights.

Gender-based violence is also one of the main challenges facing women in the region today, with devastating effects on their health and well-being and their economic and civic participation.

Women protest for the development of women's rights in the MENA region.
Caption: Egyptian women in Cairo protest against violence against women [EPA].

Read more: Female Genital Mutilation in Somalia Reflects Deep-Rooted Gender Inequality.

A striking example of gender-based violence was in 2022 when the Israeli forces shot dead Al Jazeera’s journalist Shireen Abu Akleh in the occupied West Bank. Abu Akleh, a longtime TV correspondent for Al Jazeera Arabic, was killed on the 11th of May 2022 while covering Israeli army raids in Jenin in the northern occupied West Bank.

Read more: Who is Shireen Abu Akleh?

Women have no right to nationality in the MENA region

The MENA region has the highest concentration of gender-discriminatory nationality laws. An estimated 50% of the 25 countries in MENA deny women equal rights to pass nationality to their children.

Algeria is the only country in the region with nationality laws upholding complete gender equality, including women’s right to confer nationality on their children and noncitizen spouse on an equal basis with men. Thus, gender discrimination in nationality laws is one of the primary causes of statelessness in the MENA region, in addition to causing several other human rights violations.

Lebanon, Kuwait, and Qatar deny women the right to confer nationality to their children and spouses in all circumstances. Other States, including Bahrain, Jordan, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), deny women the right to confer their nationality to children in most circumstances.

Read more: World Leaders Remain Silent Over Human Rights Violations in the UAE.

Malnutrition in women and girls increases by 25%

Malnutrition in women and girls increased by 25% in crisis-hit countries in the MENA region between 2020-2022. Over a billion women and adolescent girls are malnourished in the world. This has detrimental health, economic and well-being impacts. Most women and girls affected by this statistic live in the MENA region. Both local and global crises in 2023 could exacerbate the development of women and girls living there. Rising poverty and inequities increase the chances that people will turn to cheap, ultra-processed, unhealthy foods.

“Addressing malnutrition in women and girls is essential to reduce the gender health gap”

Amira Ghouaibi, Project Lead, Women’s Health Initiative, Shaping the Future of Health and Healthcare, World Economic Forum.

Therefore, the world is making slow progress. Issues like soaring food prices, climate change and the lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic risk making the nutrition crisis an even more significant problem in 2023. Nutrition is a widely overlooked issue; coordinated access and policy intervention are urgently needed.

Read more: Children’s Rights in Yemen Are Teetering on the Edge of A Catastrophe.

Survey Findings Provide Unprecedented Insights into Gender Attitudes in MENA Region

Despite incremental progress and the advancements mentioned above, gender attitudes across the region continue to fall behind internationally recognized standards.

The opinions and attitudes of citizens across the MENA region were recorded in the latest Arab Barometer survey from October 2021 to July 2022. This is the largest publically available survey published since the onset of COVID. Its results were shocking across 12 MENA countries, which collectively are home to 80 per cent of the citizen population in the Arab world. The findings give an unprecedented insight into the everyday lives of these citizens.

The survey showed a plurality of citizens either agree or strongly agree with the following statement:

“In general, men are better at political leadership than women.”

More than three-quarters of Algerians (76%) support this view, as do majorities of respondents in:

  • Libya (69%),
  • Iraq (69%),
  • Jordan (66%),
  • Egypt (66%),
  • Palestine (65%), and
  • Kuwait (65%).

Surprisingly, only in Lebanon and Tunisia do most of the population disagree or strongly disagree with the above statement.

Moreover, governments’ patriarchal character has effectively prevented efforts to address negative cultural and social constructs against women meaningfully. This limits the ability to change prevailing gender power relations and social roles qualitatively.

Concluding Thoughts

The development of women’s rights in the MENA region remains unresolved.

It does not reflect the commitments to the Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Incremental progress has been documented, yet the pace is slow. Recent survey results showing gender discriminatory ideologies across the region show we still have much work to do to educate developing countries on gender equality.

Gender-based violence, lack of equal opportunities for economic activities or fundamental rights, and deprivation from political participation and representation have been the challenges facing this region.

Women are rising across the MENA region and fighting for their rights to be heard and implemented. Remarkably, women are igniting a powerful revolution against many corrupt governments, and their strength and courage are both admirable and breathtaking.

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The Greater Israel Project: Gaza’s Genocide and Expansionist Designs

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Israel does not need to announce a “Greater Israel” project formally, but its heinous actions are already acting as a harbinger of that. It is visible in the bombed neighborhoods of Gaza and the expanding settlements of the West Bank. Moreover, it is conspicuous after observing the suffocating control of East Jerusalem, and the graves, homes, farms, roads, and villages that Palestinians keep losing piece by piece.

This is not just an abstract map or a political theory. Creation of a Greater Israel is part of Israel’s strategic plans. It is a checkpoint that controls a morning commute, a settlement road that cuts through land, and like a demolition order on a family home. It is a military raid in a refugee camp, and a child born in an abysmal tent. It is the father whose body is forced out of his own grave because settlers claim the land.

When observed together, Gaza, the West Bank, Jerusalem, Lebanon, and the Iranian war are all part of an expanding regime plan.

What “Greater Israel” Looks Like Today

The phrase “Greater Israel” is often connected to the dreams of permanent Israeli sovereignty over all historic Palestine, and even beyond it. But the danger today is not only in speeches or old maps. It is in policy.

The phrase “Greater Israel” is not just limited to Israel and Palestine but even far beyond it. It is to engulf Lebanon, parts of Syria, Iraq, Iran, Saudi Arabia, Egypt, Jordan, and more.

In this context, modern expansion does not always arrive through one dramatic declaration. It comes through:

  • Settlement approvals
  • Land seizures
  • Military zones
  • Settler-only roads
  • Home demolitions
  • Forced displacement
  • Restrictions around holy sites
  • The fragmentation of Palestinian towns
  • Genocide

The language may change, as Israeli leaders may speak of “security,” “sovereignty,” “buffer zones,” or “biblical land.” But the result is completely aligned with the idea of Greater Israel, no matter how many countries have to be demolished.

Gaza’s Genocide and the Logic of Erasure

Gaza is the most brutal example of this absurd logic. Israel’s Gaza genocide has not only martyred Palestinians; it has attacked the foundations of Palestinian life itself. Homes, schools, hospitals, mosques, universities, roads, water systems, aid routes, and entire neighborhoods have been reduced to ruins.

In this context, Amnesty International concluded in December 2024 that Israel had seriously committed genocide against Palestinians in Gaza. It cited killings, serious bodily and mental harm, mass displacement, destruction of vital infrastructure, obstruction of aid, and conditions of life calculated to bring about physical destruction.

This matters because genocide is not only measured through death counts. It is also measured through what is made impossible, such as safe birth, clean water, medical care, education, burial, return, shelter, and ordinary family life.

In Gaza, Israel has turned survival into a daily negotiation with hunger, rubble, disease, fear, and displacement.

The West Bank Is Being Annexed Without a Formal Announcement

While Gaza is bombed and starved by Israel, the West Bank is being absorbed through illegal settlements. In March 2026, the UN Human Rights Office said Israel had accelerated unlawful settlement expansion and annexation across the occupied West Bank, including East Jerusalem, forcibly displacing over 36,000 Palestinians amid rising violence by Israeli forces and settlers.

Additionally, Amnesty International warned in February 2026 that Israeli authorities had launched unlawful measures designed to dispossess Palestinians and make annexation of the West Bank “an irreversible reality.” Recent UN findings also noted that nearly 64,000 housing units had been advanced in East Jerusalem and the West Bank. At the same time, the UN warned of a campaign to gain control of Palestinian land with minimal Palestinian presence.

Eventually, piece by piece, the land is being reorganized around Israeli permanence and Palestinian uncertainty.

Jerusalem: The Crown of the Project

East Jerusalem is central to the Greater Israel vision because it carries history, religion, politics, and symbolism. Israel captured East Jerusalem illegally in 1967 and later annexed it, a move widely rejected internationally. Palestinians see East Jerusalem as the capital of their future state.

Yet Palestinian life in the city is steadily squeezed through home demolitions, residency restrictions, settler encroachment, police control, and repeated provocations around al-Aqsa Mosque. Jerusalem Day marches through Palestinian neighborhoods are not innocent celebrations. They are performances of domination in a city where Palestinians are treated as obstacles to someone else’s sovereignty.

For Muslims around the globe, al-Aqsa is not a political prop, but a highly sacred ground. For Palestinians, Jerusalem is not a slogan, but home. Israel’s control over the city is therefore not only territorial. It is psychological and spiritual at the same time.

When it comes to the legal picture, in July 2024, the International Court of Justice said Israel’s continued presence in the occupied Palestinian territory is unlawful and that Israel must end its occupation as rapidly as possible. The court also said Israel should stop settlement activity and evacuate settlers from the occupied territory. But who will enforce these regulations? The real issue is the absence of law and the relentless support of the United States to Israel on the global stage and in the UN through its veto power.

Final Thoughts

In conclusion, if the world keeps treating each Israeli crime as a separate incident, it will miss the larger design. In this context, Palestine is not being lost in one blow. It is being taken piece by piece while the world is watching!

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Jerusalem Day March: How Israeli Nationalists Turned Palestinian Jerusalem Into a Stage of Hate

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Jerusalem-Day-March

Jerusalem Day is described as a day of celebration for the Israeli people. On the other hand, for Palestinians in occupied East Jerusalem, it feels like a yearly reminder that their streets, homes, and holy places can be turned into a stage for Israeli domination.

On May 14, 2026, thousands of people marched through Jerusalem’s Old City. It is a celebration of Israel’s capture of East Jerusalem in the 1967 war. During the procession, marchers expressed their heinous sentiments with slogans like “Death to Arabs” and “May your villages burn.” So, this was not simply a parade but a message carried through the occupied city.

Islamophobia and Genocide Spoken in the Open

The chants were not a small side issue. They were the heart of what made the march so ugly.

Death to Arabs” is a call of extreme hatred against a people. “May your villages burn” carries an even darker meaning for Palestinians, whose modern history is filled with destroyed villages, forced displacement, refugee camps, demolished homes, and land seizures.

A slogan, “Gaza is a graveyard,” was also heard numerous times during the march. That line is especially cruel while Gaza is still living through genocide, mass displacement, starvation, destroyed hospitals, and entire neighborhoods reduced to rubble.

For Palestinians, these words are not noise, but the public expression of the same mentality that treats Palestinian life as disposable, Palestinian land as available, and Palestinian grief as something to mock.

Al-Aqsa and the Politics of Provocation

The most dangerous part of this march was the provocation around the al-Aqsa Mosque compound. It is undoubtedly one of Islam’s holiest sites and a central symbol of Palestinian identity.

Israeli National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir visited the compound during Jerusalem Day and displayed an Israeli flag. His heinous move challenged human rights and dignity.

This Is Not a One-Day Problem

This march was not unusual for the Palestinians whose lives have been at stake since the occupation and complete annihilation of Gaza. Jerusalem Day marches have repeatedly been associated with racist chants, harassment, and violence.

The march also fits into a wider pattern in East Jerusalem. Just two days after the 2026 march, the Palestinians in al-Bustan, in Silwan, were being forced to demolish their own homes to avoid heavy municipal fees, as part of a project linked to the “King’s Gardenplan. More than 57 homes had already been destroyed, with more scheduled for demolition.

From Jerusalem to Gaza: The Same Mentality

The Jerusalem Day march and Israel’s genocide in Gaza are not the same event, but they come from the same mentality: the belief that Muslims can be controlled, displaced, mocked, or erased without any accountability.

In Gaza, that mentality appears through bombs, starvation, destroyed hospitals, and mass displacement. While in East Jerusalem, it appears through flags in the Muslim Quarter, racist chants, al-Aqsa provocations, home demolitions, and the forced shrinking of Palestinian life.

The human cost of these atrocities appears in simple scenes:

  • A shopkeeper locking his store before the march arrives
  • A child hearing crowds chant against Muslims
  • A family avoiding the Old City because the streets feel unsafe
  • Worshippers seeing al-Aqsa turned into a site of provocation
  • Residents watching security forces protecting marchers instead of Palestinians

A Better Future Requires Ending Atrocities

It is pertinent to say clearly that the problem is not Jewish identity. The problem is Israel’s illegal occupation, Zionist supremacy, and state-backed nationalist domination.

For Muslims, Palestinians, and all people of conscience, al-Aqsa and Jerusalem cannot be defended with seasonal anger alone. They need sustained legal, diplomatic, political, and economic pressure against the occupation.

Final Thoughts

The 2026 Jerusalem Day march exposed the blatant lie of a “united” Jerusalem. How can a city be united with the illegal occupants? Israel clearly captured the sacred city of Jerusalem. A holy city is not honored by chants of death or provocations at al-Aqsa.

Israel’s genocide in Gaza is a clear indication of what these chants would look like in reality. They actually mean every single word of these slogans. Burning the villages means actually burning innocent people to ashes.

Jerusalem will not be free until Palestinians can walk its streets without fear, Muslims can worship at al-Aqsa without provocation, and no child has to hear a crowd call for their people to die.

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Same Weapons, Same Wounds: How Israel’s Genocide In Gaza Is Reappearing in Lebanon

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A surgeon can sometimes read a battlefield from the condition of wounds it leaves behind. In Gaza, doctors have described bodies unimaginably pierced by tiny metal fragments that cause far greater damage than the skin first reveals. Unfortunately, similar injuries are now being reported in Lebanon. Although the place has changed, the pattern is becoming familiar.

These are small entry wounds, causing deep internal destruction. While civilians are being pulled from rubble, hospitals are overwhelmed, and Israel calls it “security.” Israel’s ongoing genocide in Gaza has already shown the world what happens when a civilian population is heavily bombed, starved, displaced, and left without a functioning health system.

Lebanon is now witnessing a face of Israel that is not hidden to anyone, as the assault carries many of the same signatures. Although not the same history, geography, or logic, Israel is destroying the conditions of ordinary life and targeting civilian lives as it has been doing in Gaza for years.

The Tungsten Cubes Linking Gaza and Lebanon

One of the most alarming links between Gaza and Lebanon is the use of weapons that release tiny tungsten cubes. These small metal cubes were already seen in Gaza injuries, and these are not just ordinary metal cube fires.

Human Rights Watch also documented similar fragments in Gaza in its 2009 report named “Precisely Wrong.” It found tiny metal cubes, about 3mm on each side, in victims’ bodies and numerous other strike sites. When they brought them into the laboratory, they found that it was tungsten, with traces of nickel and iron. These are usually fired using a Spike Missile.

The real cruelty of this kind of fragmentation is that it is not always visible at first glance. For instance, a person may have small wounds on the outside while the inside of the body is torn apart. These dense metal fragments can rip through organs, blood vessels, nerves, and bone. Especially for children, the elderly, and the people already weakened by hunger or displacement, survival becomes even harder.

Gaza’s Genocide as a Warning

The heinous genocide in Gaza has already shown the full horror of Israel’s cruel methods. Palestinians have been martyred in staggering numbers, entire neighborhoods have been flattened, and families have been buried under concrete.

The suffering did not end with the so-called “ceasefire language.” Even on May 10, 2026, Israeli strikes killed numerous innocent Palestinians. In this context, Gaza’s health officials have highlighted that more than 850 Palestinians have been killed since the ceasefire that was announced in October 2025.

When it comes to the humanitarian figures, the World Food Programme has reported that 1.6 million people, around 77% of Gaza’s population, are facing acute food insecurity. It also includes 100,000 children and around 37,000 pregnant and breastfeeding women. These are not just background statistics but a daily reality of a population being forced to survive without enough food, medicine, shelter, or safety.

Moreover, hospitals in Gaza reflect the same story. Gaza’s entire medical system has been brutally attacked, besieged, deprived of fuel, and overwhelmed by mass injuries. Doctors have performed amputations in absolutely impossible circumstances. Patients have lain on rubble-led floors while premature babies, cancer and dialysis patients, and trauma victims have all been broken by siege and bombardment.

Lebanon Is Seeing the Same Pattern

Unfortunately, Lebanon is now being dragged into the same machinery of destruction. More than 2,700 people had been killed in Lebanon since March 2026, with more than 1.2 million displaced. Israel also struck Beirut even after a ceasefire had been declared, marking a dangerous escalation and exposing how fragile such ceasefires become when Israel continues to reserve the right to bomb.

The strikes have not been limited to empty fields or isolated military positions. On May 9, an Israeli strike on the southern Lebanese town of Saksakiyeh killed at least seven innocent people, including a child, and wounded 15 others. Emergency responders were seen searching through the wreckage.

In addition to that, Israeli airstrikes in southern Lebanon killed people in Toura and Kfar Chouba, including a paramedic, while residents of villages in Tyre province had received evacuation warnings.

Ceasefire Without Safety

The word “ceasefire” has become painfully empty for many Palestinians and Lebanese civilians. In Gaza, a ceasefire did not stop the genocide, including killing, starvation, or fear. While in Lebanon, a ceasefire has not stopped Israeli strikes, displacement, or the expansion of insecurity.

The United Nations warned Israeli strikes in Lebanon may breach the ceasefire, while Lebanese authorities said nearly 2,500 people had already been killed by late April amid heavy damage to civilian infrastructure.

However, the great imbalance of destruction remains central. Gaza has been turned into rubble. South Lebanon is now facing repeated bombardment, village evacuations, damaged infrastructure, and mass displacement. The same vocabulary appears again and again: “targets,” “militants,” “security,” “precision.” Yet beneath that language are innocent families, children, doctors, drivers, farmers, shopkeepers, and rescue workers.

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