Gender equality is a fundamental human right and an imperative foundation which lays the groundwork for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. The development of women’s rights in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has seen much progress and obstacles over the past decade. However, the unequal status of women stands out as a particularly challenging problem.
Following “International Women’s Day” last month, this article provides a snapshot of the development of women’s rights in the MENA region as of April 2023. MENA countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.
The MENA region has a reputation for struggling with gender equality. Therefore, this article focuses on this region. However, it is important to emphasize that the MENA region is not the only place women experience inequality. Gender inequality is also seen in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and North America. Undoubtedly, women continue to face discrimination and significant barriers to fully realizing their rights worldwide.
Any Progress in the MENA Region?
Governments are developing stronger laws and policies to support women’s rights.
Significant laws, policies, and programming developments have focused on gender equality within the MENA region. Moreover, women’s representation in government has increased.
Many countries in the region have established “national women’s machinery”. This machinery is used in government offices, departments, commissions, or ministries. All these provide government leadership and support in achieving gender equality.
Furthermore, there have been notable improvements in education and health within gender-related indices. There has been an increase in specialized programming to support women’s rights and empowerment in this region.
Women struggle to uphold their rights in places like Palestine. It is international human rights laws and conventions which are helping women in advocating for and strengthening their fight. Since the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the State of Palestine in March 2014, civil society organizations and women human rights defendershave publicly advocated for the implementation of the Convention and the passing of a Family Protection Bill, pending since the early 2000s, which would specifically address gender-based discrimination and violence. In turn, this will help to edge women closer towards gender equality in the occupied Palestinian territory.
Women are increasing their role in civil society and advocating their rights
Women are increasing their engagement in civil society. Women’s and youth feminist civil society has started to dominate the political scene in advocating for and securing gains. In Iran, millions of young women took to the street following Mahsa Amini’s death in police custody for improperly wearing her hijab. These women risked their lives to change the system. Many were arrested and beaten and now face the death penalty for speaking out. This demonstrates women’s power in standing up against authoritarian regimes and fighting oppression.
Caption: Thousands walk to the cemetery of Masha Amini’s funeral in Iran supporting women’s rights in September 2022.
The Iranian government is brutally repressing women’s voices who courageously stand up for their freedom. The UN has called Iran a “gender apartheid” on women.
Women’s civil society actively engages internationally with the “Women’s Peace and Security” agenda. Remarkably, women activists have testified before the United Nations Security Council. The UN Women highlighted the gender impact of conflict and occupation on women’s rights.
What Obstacles Hinder the Development of Women’s Rights in the MENA Region?
Women face many inequalities within the MENA society, correlating them as second-class citizens with little to no protection from violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded existing inequalities. Moreover, factors significantly reducing space for constructive civil society engagement with governments include ongoing conflict, the revival of extremist religious groups, and increased political turmoil. These international crises created many setbacks in passing long-term legal change.
Poverty & gender-based violence
The 2022 global poverty update from the World Bank reports that the MENA region is the only place worldwide where the extreme poverty rate increased between 2010 and 2020. Poverty has a detrimental impact on women’s rights.
Gender-based violence is also one of the main challenges facing women in the region today, with devastating effects on their health and well-being and their economic and civic participation.
Caption: Egyptian women in Cairo protest against violence against women [EPA].
A striking example of gender-based violence was in 2022 when the Israeli forces shot dead Al Jazeera’s journalist Shireen Abu Akleh in the occupied West Bank. Abu Akleh, a longtime TV correspondent for Al Jazeera Arabic, was killed on the 11th of May 2022 while covering Israeli army raids in Jenin in the northern occupied West Bank.
Women have no right to nationality in theMENA region
The MENA region has the highest concentration of gender-discriminatory nationality laws. An estimated 50% of the 25 countries in MENA deny women equal rights to pass nationality to their children.
Algeria is the only country in the region with nationality laws upholding complete gender equality, including women’s right to confer nationality on their children and noncitizen spouse on an equal basis with men. Thus, gender discrimination in nationality laws is one of the primary causes of statelessness in the MENA region, in addition to causing several other human rights violations.
Lebanon, Kuwait, and Qatar deny women the right to confer nationality to their children and spouses in all circumstances. Other States, including Bahrain, Jordan, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), deny women the right to confer their nationality to children in most circumstances.
Malnutrition in women and girls increased by 25% in crisis-hit countries in the MENA region between 2020-2022. Over a billion women and adolescent girls are malnourished in the world. This has detrimental health, economic and well-being impacts. Most women and girls affected by this statistic live in the MENA region. Both local and global crises in 2023 could exacerbate the development of women and girls living there. Rising poverty and inequities increase the chances that people will turn to cheap, ultra-processed, unhealthy foods.
“Addressing malnutrition in women and girls is essential to reduce the gender health gap”
Amira Ghouaibi, Project Lead, Women’s Health Initiative, Shaping the Future of Health and Healthcare, World Economic Forum.
Therefore, the world is making slow progress. Issues like soaring food prices, climate change and the lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic risk making the nutrition crisis an even more significant problem in 2023. Nutrition is a widely overlooked issue; coordinated access and policy intervention are urgently needed.
Survey Findings Provide Unprecedented Insights into Gender Attitudes in MENA Region
Despite incremental progress and the advancements mentioned above, gender attitudes across the region continue to fall behind internationally recognized standards.
The opinions and attitudes of citizens across the MENA region were recorded in the latest Arab Barometer survey from October 2021 to July 2022. This is the largest publically available survey published since the onset of COVID. Its results were shocking across 12 MENA countries, which collectively are home to 80 per cent of the citizen population in the Arab world. The findings give an unprecedented insight into the everyday lives of these citizens.
The survey showed a plurality of citizens either agree or strongly agree with the following statement:
“In general, men are better at political leadership than women.”
More than three-quarters of Algerians (76%) support this view, as do majorities of respondents in:
Libya (69%),
Iraq (69%),
Jordan (66%),
Egypt (66%),
Palestine (65%), and
Kuwait (65%).
Surprisingly, only in Lebanon and Tunisia do most of the population disagree or strongly disagree with the above statement.
Moreover, governments’ patriarchal character has effectively prevented efforts to address negative cultural and social constructs against women meaningfully. This limits the ability to change prevailing gender power relations and social roles qualitatively.
Concluding Thoughts
The development of women’s rights in the MENA region remains unresolved.
It does not reflect the commitments to the Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Incremental progress has been documented, yet the pace is slow. Recent survey results showing gender discriminatory ideologies across the region show we still have much work to do to educate developing countries on gender equality.
Gender-based violence, lack of equal opportunities for economic activities or fundamental rights, and deprivation from political participation and representation have been the challenges facing this region.
Women are rising across the MENA region and fighting for their rights to be heard and implemented. Remarkably, women are igniting a powerful revolution against many corrupt governments, and their strength and courage are both admirable and breathtaking.
Washington usually describes itself as a peacemaker. Yet behind that language lies a trail of weapons, aircraft, military budgets and political protection. Follow it from Gaza to Iran, and America’s role becomes difficult to hide.
The Pentagon estimates that the Iran war will cost $37.5 billion through 30 September, while the current government has sought almost $90 billion more. Meanwhile, the World Food Programme needs $420 million to prevent deeper aid cuts in Gaza.
Projected US spending on the Iran conflict is nearly 90 times Gaza’s WFP funding gap. Washington mobilises enormous resources for warfare, but Palestinians facing genocidal hunger are told that humanitarian agencies lack money.
The Alliance Behind Gaza’s Ruins
Unfortunately, Israel’s genocide has devastated the entire lifecycle in Gaza. Tens of thousands of Palestinians have been brutally killed, most residents displaced, and hospitals, schools, water networks, homes and farmland destroyed.
Even the October 2025 ceasefire did not make Palestinians safe. Israeli strikes continued, and more than 1,160 Palestinians had reportedly been killed during the ceasefire period.
Although Israel is the principal perpetrator, American support sustains its impunity. Washington supplies weapons, military cooperation and diplomatic cover while refusing to impose consequences strong enough to stop the attacks. Its statements about protecting civilians are contradicted by support for the government inflicting their suffering.
When Support Became Direct Intervention
The connection became clearer when the United States and Israel launched attacks on Iran on 28 February 2026. Iran retaliated, and what was presented as controlled military action developed into months of hostilities.
UN experts reported that unlawful operations between 28 February and early April killed at least 3,375 civilians. After an interim ceasefire collapsed, American forces conducted 13 consecutive nights of strikes.
Gaza created a dangerous precedent: mass suffering could be called self-defence while legal objections were ignored.
The Military Network Behind the Diplomacy
American involvement extends beyond money. By late June, 98 US military aircraft were stationed or operating in Israel. Additional aerial-refuelling planes were later deployed to military bases and commercial airports.
Ultimately, these tankers allow combat aircraft to fly farther and remain airborne longer. Their presence reduced activity at Ben Gurion Airport by about 70 percent.
The US House also passed a $1.15 trillion defence bill, highlighting expanded US–Israel military-technology cooperation. Thus, genocide in Gaza and escalation with Iran were being accompanied by plans to deepen the brutal alliance.
When Civilian Infrastructure Becomes a Target
President Trump threatened to destroy an Iranian bridge or power station whenever Iran was witnessed doing an unusual activity across the Strait of Hormuz. Such threats raise serious questions under international humanitarian law.
As per the international order, civilian infrastructure cannot lawfully be destroyed merely as punishment. Even where an installation has military use, an attack must meet the requirements of distinction, necessity and proportionality.
Gaza has shown what destroying essential systems means. Damaged electricity shuts down hospital equipment. Destroyed water networks spread disease. Blocked fuel stops ambulances, bakeries and sewage treatment. Civilians continue dying long after the aircraft leaves.
How the Conflict Reaches Across the Region
Iranian attacks have targeted US positions and facilities in Bahrain, Kuwait and Jordan. On the other hand, the Yemeni Houthis have attacked Saudi oil infrastructure at Jizan and Yanbu and threatened Saudi-linked shipping in the Red Sea.
Renewed hostilities could end Yemen’s fragile ceasefire and revive a devastating conflict. Insecurity around the Strait of Hormuz and Red Sea also raises shipping, fuel and others costs.
The burden enters ordinary homes through expensive food, lost livelihoods and fear of further attacks. Muslim countries are being drawn into a confrontation shaped heavily by American and Israeli decisions, while the region’s civilians pay the price.
What Washington’s Priorities Look Like in Gaza
The contrast between military and humanitarian spending becomes clearest in Gaza through the following stats:
Around 1.4 million Palestinians would face acute hunger by December 2026.
Food rations for 220,000 households have already been halved by WFP.
Cash assistance for 75,000 people has been reduced by 25 percent only
WFP supports about 70 percent of Gaza’s population but requires another $420 million.
Gaza is not starving because food does not exist. Palestinians are hungry because Israel has devastated the enclave, restricted daily life and obstructed meaningful recovery through continued genocide.
Washington finds tens of billions for military operations. When Palestinian children need bread, water and medicine, the language changes to shortages and donor fatigue.
Making the Invisible Hand Visible
The US–Israeli partnership has produced neither justice for Palestinians nor security for the Middle East. It has enabled genocide in Gaza, protected occupation, widened conflict with Iran and increased the danger facing Yemen and the Gulf.
In a nutshell, Washington’s hand may be hidden beneath terms such as alliance and deterrence, but its effects are visible in Gaza’s empty kitchens, Iran’s damaged cities and civilian graves. Israel inflicts the principal violence on Palestinians, America provides vital power and protection, and ordinary families carry the loss.
On 17 July 2026, Israel’s parliament dissolved ahead of national elections scheduled for 27 October. As usual, Israeli politicians turned to alliances, opinion polls and political survival. However, in occupied Palestine, families faced a more urgent question: who would survive the next Israeli genocidal attack?
The election will formally be decided at Israeli ballot boxes, but its campaign is already unfolding across Gaza, the occupied West Bank and Al-Aqsa Mosque. Netanyahu, Ben-Gvir and Smotrich are competing to appear tougher on Palestinians and more committed to permanent Israeli control.
Gaza’s “Ceasefire” Still Produces Graves
Israel continues striking Gaza despite the ceasefire that began in October 2025. The bombing may be less intensive than during earlier stages of the genocide, but Palestinians are still being killed in homes and tents.
For example, on 21 July, an Israeli strike hit the al-Masri family’s home in Gaza City. Firas al-Masri, his wife Salsabeel and their four children were killed while sleeping. Meanwhile, twelve Palestinians were killed across Gaza that day, while more than 1,160 had reportedly been killed since the ceasefire began.
Amnesty International and a UN Commission of Inquiry have concluded that Israel is still committing genocide in Gaza.
Palestinian Suffering as Political Strength
Genocidal mastermind Benjamin Netanyahu enters the campaign under pressure over the October 2023 security failure, corruption proceedings and opposition. On his right, Ben-Gvir and Smotrich demand more settlements, harsher military operations and permanent Israeli control over occupied Palestinian territory.
This competition has created a cruel political test: which leader can punish Palestinians more severely and surrender less land?
The problem is not that every strike is necessarily ordered for electoral advantage. It is that Israel’s political system rewards escalation and genocide. Violence against Palestinians is marketed as strength, while restraint is attacked as weakness. Palestinian suffering becomes evidence that a candidate is “tough on security.”
Gaza Is Not Empty Land for Israeli Settlers
In July, Israeli settlers and politicians marched towards Gaza demanding the restoration of settlements dismantled in 2005. Their language of “returning home” concealed a fundamental reality, while Gaza is already the homeland of more than two million Palestinians.
Re-establishing Israeli settlements would require further land seizures, military control and forced Palestinian displacement.
Additionally, Israel is also constructing an earthen barrier more than 23 kilometres long inside Gaza along the so-called Yellow Line. Its forces control more than half of the enclave, while Palestinians have been compressed into a smaller coastal area.
What is described as a temporary security boundary will become a permanent border imposed without Palestinian consent. Gaza is being divided while Israeli politicians discuss taking land from which Palestinians have been driven.
Al-Aqsa Becomes an Electoral Stage
Unfortunately, on 23 July, more than 4,200 Israelis, including National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound under heavy police protection. Nationalist displays and religious rituals challenged the longstanding arrangements governing the site.
For Muslims, Al-Aqsa is not a campaign backdrop. It is the first qiblah and one of Islam’s holiest places. Ben-Gvir’s repeated incursions demonstrate that Israel’s far right believes it can impose its will even within sacred Muslim space.
Each visit helps him appeal to extremists demanding greater Israeli control. Al-Aqsa is thus turned into a stage where provocation is performed for votes.
Settlers Attack, but Palestinians Receive the Punishment
The occupied West Bank shows how settler aggression and state power reinforce one another. In July, armed settlers entered the area around Tal, a Palestinian village near Nablus in Area A, where Israeli civilians are prohibited from entering. A confrontation followed in which four Palestinians were martyred, harming two Israeli soldiers.
Israel responded by sealing roads, raiding Palestinian homes and questioning approximately 80 villagers. Smotrich went further, calling for Palestinian villages to be cleared and settlements established in their place.
Moreover, recent UN figures show the wider crisis:
By 20 July, settler-related Palestinian deaths in 2026 had already exceeded the total recorded throughout 2025.
Settler attacks accounted for 55 percent of Palestinian injuries in the West Bank during 2026.
More than 2,300 Palestinians had been displaced by settler violence and related restrictions by early July.
The pattern seems familiar. Settlers enter Palestinian land and attack or provoke residents. Israeli genocidal forces arrive, but their overwhelming power falls upon Palestinians through arrests, closures and demolitions.
Buying Annexation Before the Election
Israel is using public money to make the occupation harder to reverse. The security cabinet approved 1.3 billion shekels, approximately $434 million, for 34 West Bank settlements.
These decisions brought the number of settlements initiated during Smotrich’s term to 103. Approximately 700,000 Israeli settlers now live among 2.7 million Palestinians in the occupied West Bank.
Roads, budgets and legal recognition create realities that may survive even if Netanyahu loses. Palestinian land is effectively being distributed as an electoral reward to the settler movement.
In fact, for Palestinians, this campaign is not a televised debate. It is experienced through drones over Gaza, armed settlers entering villages, police surrounding Al-Aqsa, and bulldozers approaching homes.
Unfortunately, more than 1000 days have now passed since October 7, 2023, when Israel launched what has become one of the most thoroughly documented genocides of the modern era. Although a so-called “ceasefire” has technically been in place since October 2025, the brutal killings haven’t stopped. Neither has the destruction, the displacement, or the impunity.
The Numbers on Day 1,000
More than 73,000 Palestinians have been killed in the genocide, over 21,000 of them children, an entire generation cut down before it had the chance to grow up. Thousands more remain missing, presumed buried under rubble that has never been cleared. Up to 90 percent of Gaza’s buildings and infrastructure have been damaged or destroyed.
Additionally, more than 200 journalists have been deliberately targeted and killed by Israel. It is the deadliest campaign against reporters anywhere in the world in decades — a body count that exists because Israel has worked to make sure the world sees as little of Gaza’s destruction as possible.
Even now, with a ceasefire nominally in force, Israel still occupies roughly 60 percent of the Gaza Strip. Netanyahu also ordered the Israel Defence Forces to push that to 70 percent or more.
A Ceasefire in Name Only
Officially on paper, the guns went quiet in October 2025 under a US-brokered agreement. Whereas in practice, Gaza’s own police force has been hunted since. The UN human rights office has documented more than a dozen separate Israeli attacks on Gaza’s police since January 2026 alone, killing at least 35 officers, alongside medics, local officials, and community figures.
Analysts studying the pattern describe it plainly as a deliberate strategy. A strategy to prevent any functioning Palestinian civil order from taking root, keeping Gaza too broken to govern itself and too dangerous for anyone else to try.
The “Peace Plan” That Was Never Allowed to Begin
The architecture proposed by the “Board of Peace” that was supposed to follow the ceasefire has collapsed into paperwork and stalled committees. Hamas formally dissolved its administration this month and handed authority to a transitional body of Palestinian technocrats. This body is also known as the National Committee for the Administration of Gaza.
However, Israel has refused to let the committee’s own members enter Gaza; they remain stuck in Cairo. The International Stabilization Force (ISF) promised under the peace framework has never been deployed. The so-called Board of Peace, chaired by Donald Trump and meant to oversee reconstruction, has advanced almost nothing, and its funding mechanism holds no money at all.
Instead, the Board recently announced that UNRWA, the UN agency that has supported Palestinian refugees for 75 years, “has no place in the new Gaza”. This is a heinous move that the Palestinian leadership condemned as an attempt to erase the Palestinian refugees and, with it, the right of return.
Cruelty as Policy: The Crocodile-Moat Prisons
If anyone doubted that dehumanization remains official Israeli policy rather than genocidal excess, this month supplied the proof. Israel’s environmental protection minister has signed an order reclassifying crocodiles as “managed wild animals.” Resultantly, it cleared the last legal obstacle to a proposal from National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir to surround prisons holding Palestinian detainees with crocodile-filled moats.
To practice this, the Israel Prison Service has already begun visiting zoos to study crocodile handling. Israeli officials are defending the plan on cost grounds. For example, they said that a young crocodile runs about $8,000, and an adult up to $20,000. So, the deterrent value of a moat full of predators for human beings is a line item to be budgeted rather than a moral horror to be condemned.
Roughly 9,500 Palestinians are currently held in torturous Israeli prisons, including women and children, most without ever being charged. Palestinian and Israeli rights groups alike have documented conditions of starvation, torture, and medical neglect inside these facilities.
These conditions have already killed dozens of detainees before a single moat has been dug. This same season, Israel’s Knesset passed a law making the death penalty the default sentence for Palestinians convicted in military courts. These are the tribunals that operate with none of the due-process protections a civilian court would be required to provide.
Washington’s Fingerprints Are on All of It
The United States brokered the so-called “ceasefire” and takes credit for the peace framework built on top of it. It has been far quieter about everything that has happened since.
Washington’s statements demand that Hamas disarm, but say surprisingly little about the near-daily Israeli strikes that keep breaking the ceasefire, the blockades on humanitarian aid, or the gradual Israeli withdrawal that was supposed to happen and hasn’t. The US has stayed silent as Israel carried out what amounts to a de facto annexation of the West Bank, conducted deadly military raids, and displaced hundreds of communities, which could be called “ethnic cleansing”.
American weapons, funding, and diplomatic cover have underwritten every phase of this genocide, from the first month to the thousandth day. In fact, it is the support that continued even after the International Court of Justice warned, in early 2024, that Israel’s conduct plausibly amounted to genocide under international law.
In a nutshell, the number will keep climbing for as long as the world continues treating Gaza as a diplomatic inconvenience rather than what a thousand days of evidence have already shown it to be.