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The History of the Umayyad Caliphate

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The end of the Rashid caliphate

After the death of Ali ibn Abi Talib, his son Al-Hasan ibn Ali was his successor, and the caliph Al-Hasan began to organize the administrative conditions of the country

The people of Iraq urged the Caliph Al-Hasan to fight, but Al-Hasan had doubts in the people of Iraq. So, he did not call for a fight, but he rather took a position to go with some tribes to the cities.

Al-Hasan asked for Obaidullah bin Abbas and ordered him to fight Muawiyah Bin Abu Sufyan in the Levant (Bilad El-Cham).

Muawiyah was able to buy the loyalty of some leaders and began to negotiate with Al-Hasan about stepping aside from being a caliphate in case he was dead.

Muawiya agreed to the conditions of Hassan and began the History of the Umayyad state.

History of the Umayyad state

When talking about the history of the Umayyad state it has to be mentioned that it is the largest state and the second caliphate in Islam

It is also considered one of the largest ruling states in history. The rule of Bani Umayya began from year 41 AH, until 132 Ah,

The Umayyad state was founded by Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan. Muawiya was the ruler of al-Sham since the days of Caliph Umar ibn al-Khattab

The dispute between Ali ibn Abi Talib and Muawiya began after the sedition in which Osman Ibn Afan was killed, till Al-Hasan ibn Ali ibn Abi Talib abandoned the caliphate to Muawiya after the death of his father Ali.

Revolutions in the Umayyad state

The history of the Umayyad state has witnessed many revolutions. including the revolutions of the Shiites and the rebels that took revenge for the death of Hussein bin Ali in the Battle of Karbala by the Umayyads

Hajjaj ibn Yusuf Al-Thaqafi had a great role in extinguishing these revolutions as the ruler of Iraq and Kufa the most enemies of the Umayyad state

The Umayyad successors of the Sufyan branch

When talking about the history of the Umayyad state it is necessary to know the caliphs who were the founding of the Umayyad state

They are the successors of the Sufyan branch, namely caliph Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan, and his son Yazid ibn Muawiya:

Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan

In narrating the history of the Umayyad state it is necessary to talk about its founder, which is Muawiya ibn Abi Sufyan is the first successor of the Sufyan branch of the Umayyad state

He ruled from the year 41 AH until the year 60 AH. The Umayyad state under MU’awiya has lived twenty years of peace and internal prosperity, conquests and victories abroad،

Yazid ibn Muawiya

Yazid took the caliphate after his father and continued his rule from the year 60 ah until the year 63 ah.

Many revolutions have sparked against him, including the revolution of Hussein bin Ali, who was killed along with some of his family by the Umayyads.

Umayyad successors who descend from Caliph Marwan bin al-Hakam

When talking about the Umayyad state we should talk about the successors of the second branch, which is the Branch that descends from Caliph Marwan bin al-Hakam.

He ruled from 64 ah until 65 ah. Marwan died 10 months after being the caliphate. Then his son became his successor.

Abdulmalik bin Marwan

Abdulmalik bin Marwan ruled in 65 ah after the death of his father, until the year 86 Ah.

He was able to put down many revolutions, including the tuabin movement, the Mukhtar revolution, the movement of Musab bin Al-Zubair, and Abdullah bin Al-Zubair.

After achieving stability in his lands, he began to prepare campaigns to fight against the Roman.

Abdul Malik ibn Marwan died at the age of 60 in Damascus to be succeeded by his son Al-Walid.

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik

Al-Walid ibn Abd al-Malik ruled a strong state free of internal revolts.

He ruled until 96 Ah, he began the external conquests until his armies reached huge places in the 4 directions.

Speaking of internal affairs in the state, he also made lots of achievements, especially in architecture, caring for the parish, and charity for the poor.

Suleiman ibn Abd al-Malik

He ruled in 96 ah and continued his rule until 99 ah. Suleiman sent lots of campaigns for his war against the Roman his armies entered the waters of the Bosphorus, even his army settled in front of the walls of Constantinople

Omar bin Abdul Aziz

The rule of Omar bin Abdul Aziz continued from the year 99 ah, until the year 101 Ah. His succession was described as the era of  stability and justice

Omar replaced most of the rulers with more competent and perfect rulers who followed Islamic law. He called for equality and gave the poor and the sick

Yazid bin Abd al-Malik

Yazid II received the rule in 101 ah and continued until 105 ah. He was familiar with recklessness, laziness, and his love for women.

In his reign the rebels revolted against him, Conquests stopped

Hisham bin Abdulmalik

Hisham bin Abd al-Malik received the caliphate in 105 ah and continued until 125 Ah.

Abd al-Malik was far-sighted and bold. He established balance and justice in his state, tried to eliminate corruption, monitored the state’s general budget, and established public services.

Hisham was able to stop the revolution of Zayd ibn Ali in Iraq. He resumed conquests against the Romans and against the Turk.

Al-Walid II bin Yazid II

Al-Walid received the rule for one year only، From the year 125 ah until the year 126 ah.

He lived a lavish life and spent all the state budget until he was killed

Yazid III and Ibrahim ibn al-Walid

He began to reform the affairs of the state. Imposed a policy of austerity on his family and on himself and promised to return the warriors back to their families who haven’t seen them in a long time.  

He also promised not to shut his door in front of his parish. He died in the same year he became the caliphate, followed by Ibrahim ibn al-Walid but was killed by the last Umayyad caliph Marwan ibn Muhammad.

Marwan Ibn Muhammad

He continued his rule from 127 ah until 132 ah, and was a strong and intelligent warrior. He moved the headquarters of the caliphate to Haran.

Many revolutions revolted against him in most of the country, especially in Khorasan.

The Umayyad state ended when Marwan lose in the Battle of the Zab.

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Washington’s Invisible Hand: How US Power Connects Gaza’s Genocide to the Iran War

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Washington usually describes itself as a peacemaker. Yet behind that language lies a trail of weapons, aircraft, military budgets and political protection. Follow it from Gaza to Iran, and America’s role becomes difficult to hide.

The Pentagon estimates that the Iran war will cost $37.5 billion through 30 September, while the current government has sought almost $90 billion more. Meanwhile, the World Food Programme needs $420 million to prevent deeper aid cuts in Gaza.

Projected US spending on the Iran conflict is nearly 90 times Gaza’s WFP funding gap. Washington mobilises enormous resources for warfare, but Palestinians facing genocidal hunger are told that humanitarian agencies lack money.

The Alliance Behind Gaza’s Ruins

Unfortunately, Israel’s genocide has devastated the entire lifecycle in Gaza. Tens of thousands of Palestinians have been brutally killed, most residents displaced, and hospitals, schools, water networks, homes and farmland destroyed.

Even the October 2025 ceasefire did not make Palestinians safe. Israeli strikes continued, and more than 1,160 Palestinians had reportedly been killed during the ceasefire period.

Although Israel is the principal perpetrator, American support sustains its impunity. Washington supplies weapons, military cooperation and diplomatic cover while refusing to impose consequences strong enough to stop the attacks. Its statements about protecting civilians are contradicted by support for the government inflicting their suffering.

When Support Became Direct Intervention

The connection became clearer when the United States and Israel launched attacks on Iran on 28 February 2026. Iran retaliated, and what was presented as controlled military action developed into months of hostilities.

UN experts reported that unlawful operations between 28 February and early April killed at least 3,375 civilians. After an interim ceasefire collapsed, American forces conducted 13 consecutive nights of strikes.

Gaza created a dangerous precedent: mass suffering could be called self-defence while legal objections were ignored.

The Military Network Behind the Diplomacy

American involvement extends beyond money. By late June, 98 US military aircraft were stationed or operating in Israel. Additional aerial-refuelling planes were later deployed to military bases and commercial airports.

Ultimately, these tankers allow combat aircraft to fly farther and remain airborne longer. Their presence reduced activity at Ben Gurion Airport by about 70 percent.

The US House also passed a $1.15 trillion defence bill, highlighting expanded US–Israel military-technology cooperation. Thus, genocide in Gaza and escalation with Iran were being accompanied by plans to deepen the brutal alliance.

When Civilian Infrastructure Becomes a Target

President Trump threatened to destroy an Iranian bridge or power station whenever Iran was witnessed doing an unusual activity across the Strait of Hormuz. Such threats raise serious questions under international humanitarian law.

As per the international order, civilian infrastructure cannot lawfully be destroyed merely as punishment. Even where an installation has military use, an attack must meet the requirements of distinction, necessity and proportionality.

Gaza has shown what destroying essential systems means. Damaged electricity shuts down hospital equipment. Destroyed water networks spread disease. Blocked fuel stops ambulances, bakeries and sewage treatment. Civilians continue dying long after the aircraft leaves.

How the Conflict Reaches Across the Region

Iranian attacks have targeted US positions and facilities in Bahrain, Kuwait and Jordan. On the other hand, the Yemeni Houthis have attacked Saudi oil infrastructure at Jizan and Yanbu and threatened Saudi-linked shipping in the Red Sea.

Renewed hostilities could end Yemen’s fragile ceasefire and revive a devastating conflict. Insecurity around the Strait of Hormuz and Red Sea also raises shipping, fuel and others costs.

The burden enters ordinary homes through expensive food, lost livelihoods and fear of further attacks. Muslim countries are being drawn into a confrontation shaped heavily by American and Israeli decisions, while the region’s civilians pay the price.

What Washington’s Priorities Look Like in Gaza

The contrast between military and humanitarian spending becomes clearest in Gaza through the following stats:

  • Around 1.4 million Palestinians would face acute hunger by December 2026.
  • Food rations for 220,000 households have already been halved by WFP.
  • Cash assistance for 75,000 people has been reduced by 25 percent only
  • WFP supports about 70 percent of Gaza’s population but requires another $420 million.

Gaza is not starving because food does not exist. Palestinians are hungry because Israel has devastated the enclave, restricted daily life and obstructed meaningful recovery through continued genocide.

Washington finds tens of billions for military operations. When Palestinian children need bread, water and medicine, the language changes to shortages and donor fatigue.

Making the Invisible Hand Visible

The US–Israeli partnership has produced neither justice for Palestinians nor security for the Middle East. It has enabled genocide in Gaza, protected occupation, widened conflict with Iran and increased the danger facing Yemen and the Gulf.

In a nutshell, Washington’s hand may be hidden beneath terms such as alliance and deterrence, but its effects are visible in Gaza’s empty kitchens, Iran’s damaged cities and civilian graves. Israel inflicts the principal violence on Palestinians, America provides vital power and protection, and ordinary families carry the loss.

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Israel’s Election Campaign Is Being Fought on Palestinian Land and Lives

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On 17 July 2026, Israel’s parliament dissolved ahead of national elections scheduled for 27 October. As usual, Israeli politicians turned to alliances, opinion polls and political survival. However, in occupied Palestine, families faced a more urgent question: who would survive the next Israeli genocidal attack?

The election will formally be decided at Israeli ballot boxes, but its campaign is already unfolding across Gaza, the occupied West Bank and Al-Aqsa Mosque. Netanyahu, Ben-Gvir and Smotrich are competing to appear tougher on Palestinians and more committed to permanent Israeli control.

Gaza’s “Ceasefire” Still Produces Graves

Israel continues striking Gaza despite the ceasefire that began in October 2025. The bombing may be less intensive than during earlier stages of the genocide, but Palestinians are still being killed in homes and tents.

For example, on 21 July, an Israeli strike hit the al-Masri family’s home in Gaza City. Firas al-Masri, his wife Salsabeel and their four children were killed while sleeping. Meanwhile, twelve Palestinians were killed across Gaza that day, while more than 1,160 had reportedly been killed since the ceasefire began.

Amnesty International and a UN Commission of Inquiry have concluded that Israel is still committing genocide in Gaza.

Palestinian Suffering as Political Strength

Genocidal mastermind Benjamin Netanyahu enters the campaign under pressure over the October 2023 security failure, corruption proceedings and opposition. On his right, Ben-Gvir and Smotrich demand more settlements, harsher military operations and permanent Israeli control over occupied Palestinian territory.

This competition has created a cruel political test: which leader can punish Palestinians more severely and surrender less land?

The problem is not that every strike is necessarily ordered for electoral advantage. It is that Israel’s political system rewards escalation and genocide. Violence against Palestinians is marketed as strength, while restraint is attacked as weakness. Palestinian suffering becomes evidence that a candidate is “tough on security.”

Gaza Is Not Empty Land for Israeli Settlers

In July, Israeli settlers and politicians marched towards Gaza demanding the restoration of settlements dismantled in 2005. Their language of “returning home” concealed a fundamental reality, while Gaza is already the homeland of more than two million Palestinians.

Re-establishing Israeli settlements would require further land seizures, military control and forced Palestinian displacement.

Additionally, Israel is also constructing an earthen barrier more than 23 kilometres long inside Gaza along the so-called Yellow Line. Its forces control more than half of the enclave, while Palestinians have been compressed into a smaller coastal area.

What is described as a temporary security boundary will become a permanent border imposed without Palestinian consent. Gaza is being divided while Israeli politicians discuss taking land from which Palestinians have been driven.

Al-Aqsa Becomes an Electoral Stage

Unfortunately, on 23 July, more than 4,200 Israelis, including National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir, entered the Al-Aqsa Mosque compound under heavy police protection. Nationalist displays and religious rituals challenged the longstanding arrangements governing the site.

For Muslims, Al-Aqsa is not a campaign backdrop. It is the first qiblah and one of Islam’s holiest places. Ben-Gvir’s repeated incursions demonstrate that Israel’s far right believes it can impose its will even within sacred Muslim space.

Each visit helps him appeal to extremists demanding greater Israeli control. Al-Aqsa is thus turned into a stage where provocation is performed for votes.

Settlers Attack, but Palestinians Receive the Punishment

The occupied West Bank shows how settler aggression and state power reinforce one another. In July, armed settlers entered the area around Tal, a Palestinian village near Nablus in Area A, where Israeli civilians are prohibited from entering. A confrontation followed in which four Palestinians were martyred, harming two Israeli soldiers.

Israel responded by sealing roads, raiding Palestinian homes and questioning approximately 80 villagers. Smotrich went further, calling for Palestinian villages to be cleared and settlements established in their place.

Moreover, recent UN figures show the wider crisis:

  • By 20 July, settler-related Palestinian deaths in 2026 had already exceeded the total recorded throughout 2025.
  • Settler attacks accounted for 55 percent of Palestinian injuries in the West Bank during 2026.
  • More than 2,300 Palestinians had been displaced by settler violence and related restrictions by early July.

The pattern seems familiar. Settlers enter Palestinian land and attack or provoke residents. Israeli genocidal forces arrive, but their overwhelming power falls upon Palestinians through arrests, closures and demolitions.

Buying Annexation Before the Election

Israel is using public money to make the occupation harder to reverse. The security cabinet approved 1.3 billion shekels, approximately $434 million, for 34 West Bank settlements.

These decisions brought the number of settlements initiated during Smotrich’s term to 103. Approximately 700,000 Israeli settlers now live among 2.7 million Palestinians in the occupied West Bank.

Roads, budgets and legal recognition create realities that may survive even if Netanyahu loses. Palestinian land is effectively being distributed as an electoral reward to the settler movement.

In fact, for Palestinians, this campaign is not a televised debate. It is experienced through drones over Gaza, armed settlers entering villages, police surrounding Al-Aqsa, and bulldozers approaching homes.

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Gaza’s Genocide Hits 1,000 Days

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Unfortunately, more than 1000 days have now passed since October 7, 2023, when Israel launched what has become one of the most thoroughly documented genocides of the modern era. Although a so-called “ceasefire” has technically been in place since October 2025, the brutal killings haven’t stopped. Neither has the destruction, the displacement, or the impunity.

The Numbers on Day 1,000

More than 73,000 Palestinians have been killed in the genocide, over 21,000 of them children, an entire generation cut down before it had the chance to grow up. Thousands more remain missing, presumed buried under rubble that has never been cleared. Up to 90 percent of Gaza’s buildings and infrastructure have been damaged or destroyed.

Additionally, more than 200 journalists have been deliberately targeted and killed by Israel. It is the deadliest campaign against reporters anywhere in the world in decades — a body count that exists because Israel has worked to make sure the world sees as little of Gaza’s destruction as possible.

Even now, with a ceasefire nominally in force, Israel still occupies roughly 60 percent of the Gaza Strip. Netanyahu also ordered the Israel Defence Forces to push that to 70 percent or more.

A Ceasefire in Name Only

Officially on paper, the guns went quiet in October 2025 under a US-brokered agreement. Whereas in practice, Gaza’s own police force has been hunted since. The UN human rights office has documented more than a dozen separate Israeli attacks on Gaza’s police since January 2026 alone, killing at least 35 officers, alongside medics, local officials, and community figures.

Analysts studying the pattern describe it plainly as a deliberate strategy. A strategy to prevent any functioning Palestinian civil order from taking root, keeping Gaza too broken to govern itself and too dangerous for anyone else to try.

The “Peace Plan” That Was Never Allowed to Begin

The architecture proposed by the “Board of Peace” that was supposed to follow the ceasefire has collapsed into paperwork and stalled committees. Hamas formally dissolved its administration this month and handed authority to a transitional body of Palestinian technocrats. This body is also known as the National Committee for the Administration of Gaza.

However, Israel has refused to let the committee’s own members enter Gaza; they remain stuck in Cairo. The International Stabilization Force (ISF) promised under the peace framework has never been deployed. The so-called Board of Peace, chaired by Donald Trump and meant to oversee reconstruction, has advanced almost nothing, and its funding mechanism holds no money at all.

Instead, the Board recently announced that UNRWA, the UN agency that has supported Palestinian refugees for 75 years, “has no place in the new Gaza”. This is a heinous move that the Palestinian leadership condemned as an attempt to erase the Palestinian refugees and, with it, the right of return.

Cruelty as Policy: The Crocodile-Moat Prisons

If anyone doubted that dehumanization remains official Israeli policy rather than genocidal excess, this month supplied the proof. Israel’s environmental protection minister has signed an order reclassifying crocodiles as “managed wild animals.” Resultantly, it cleared the last legal obstacle to a proposal from National Security Minister Itamar Ben-Gvir to surround prisons holding Palestinian detainees with crocodile-filled moats.

To practice this, the Israel Prison Service has already begun visiting zoos to study crocodile handling. Israeli officials are defending the plan on cost grounds. For example, they said that a young crocodile runs about $8,000, and an adult up to $20,000. So, the deterrent value of a moat full of predators for human beings is a line item to be budgeted rather than a moral horror to be condemned.

Roughly 9,500 Palestinians are currently held in torturous Israeli prisons, including women and children, most without ever being charged. Palestinian and Israeli rights groups alike have documented conditions of starvation, torture, and medical neglect inside these facilities.

These conditions have already killed dozens of detainees before a single moat has been dug. This same season, Israel’s Knesset passed a law making the death penalty the default sentence for Palestinians convicted in military courts. These are the tribunals that operate with none of the due-process protections a civilian court would be required to provide.

Washington’s Fingerprints Are on All of It

The United States brokered the so-called “ceasefire” and takes credit for the peace framework built on top of it. It has been far quieter about everything that has happened since.

Washington’s statements demand that Hamas disarm, but say surprisingly little about the near-daily Israeli strikes that keep breaking the ceasefire, the blockades on humanitarian aid, or the gradual Israeli withdrawal that was supposed to happen and hasn’t. The US has stayed silent as Israel carried out what amounts to a de facto annexation of the West Bank, conducted deadly military raids, and displaced hundreds of communities, which could be called “ethnic cleansing”.

American weapons, funding, and diplomatic cover have underwritten every phase of this genocide, from the first month to the thousandth day. In fact, it is the support that continued even after the International Court of Justice warned, in early 2024, that Israel’s conduct plausibly amounted to genocide under international law.

In a nutshell, the number will keep climbing for as long as the world continues treating Gaza as a diplomatic inconvenience rather than what a thousand days of evidence have already shown it to be.

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