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Women’s Rights in the MENA Region: Progress & Obstacles

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Women's Rights in the MENA Region - Progresses & Obstacles

A Background to Women’s Rights in the MENA Region

Gender equality is a fundamental human right and an imperative foundation which lays the groundwork for a peaceful, prosperous and sustainable world. The development of women’s rights in the Middle East and North Africa (MENA) region has seen much progress and obstacles over the past decade. However, the unequal status of women stands out as a particularly challenging problem.

Following “International Women’s Day” last month, this article provides a snapshot of the development of women’s rights in the MENA region as of April 2023. MENA countries include Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iran, Iraq, Israel, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, Tunisia, United Arab Emirates and Yemen.

The MENA region has a reputation for struggling with gender equality. Therefore, this article focuses on this region. However, it is important to emphasize that the MENA region is not the only place women experience inequality. Gender inequality is also seen in Asia, Africa, Latin America, Europe, and North America. Undoubtedly, women continue to face discrimination and significant barriers to fully realizing their rights worldwide.

Any Progress in the MENA Region?

Governments are developing stronger laws and policies to support women’s rights.

Significant laws, policies, and programming developments have focused on gender equality within the MENA region. Moreover, women’s representation in government has increased.

Many countries in the region have established “national women’s machinery”. This machinery is used in government offices, departments, commissions, or ministries. All these provide government leadership and support in achieving gender equality.

Furthermore, there have been notable improvements in education and health within gender-related indices. There has been an increase in specialized programming to support women’s rights and empowerment in this region.

Women struggle to uphold their rights in places like Palestine. It is international human rights laws and conventions which are helping women in advocating for and strengthening their fight. Since the ratification of the Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Discrimination against Women (CEDAW) by the State of Palestine in March 2014, civil society organizations and women human rights defenders have publicly advocated for the implementation of the Convention and the passing of a Family Protection Bill, pending since the early 2000s, which would specifically address gender-based discrimination and violence. In turn, this will help to edge women closer towards gender equality in the occupied Palestinian territory.

Women are increasing their role in civil society and advocating their rights

Women are increasing their engagement in civil society. Women’s and youth feminist civil society has started to dominate the political scene in advocating for and securing gains. In Iran, millions of young women took to the street following Mahsa Amini’s death in police custody for improperly wearing her hijab. These women risked their lives to change the system. Many were arrested and beaten and now face the death penalty for speaking out. This demonstrates women’s power in standing up against authoritarian regimes and fighting oppression.

Women's Rights in the MENA Region: Progres & Obstacles - Masha Amini
Caption: Thousands walk to the cemetery of Masha Amini’s funeral in Iran supporting women’s rights in September 2022.

The Iranian government is brutally repressing women’s voices who courageously stand up for their freedom. The UN has called Iran a “gender apartheid” on women.

Read more: Mahsa Amini: Iranian Women Are Leading an Extraordinary Revolution.

Women’s civil society actively engages internationally with the “Women’s Peace and Security” agenda. Remarkably, women activists have testified before the United Nations Security Council. The UN Women highlighted the gender impact of conflict and occupation on women’s rights.

What Obstacles Hinder the Development of Women’s Rights in the MENA Region?

Women face many inequalities within the MENA society, correlating them as second-class citizens with little to no protection from violence. The COVID-19 pandemic has compounded existing inequalities. Moreover, factors significantly reducing space for constructive civil society engagement with governments include ongoing conflict, the revival of extremist religious groups, and increased political turmoil. These international crises created many setbacks in passing long-term legal change.

Poverty & gender-based violence

The 2022 global poverty update from the World Bank reports that the MENA region is the only place worldwide where the extreme poverty rate increased between 2010 and 2020. Poverty has a detrimental impact on women’s rights.

Gender-based violence is also one of the main challenges facing women in the region today, with devastating effects on their health and well-being and their economic and civic participation.

Women protest for the development of women's rights in the MENA region.
Caption: Egyptian women in Cairo protest against violence against women [EPA].

Read more: Female Genital Mutilation in Somalia Reflects Deep-Rooted Gender Inequality.

A striking example of gender-based violence was in 2022 when the Israeli forces shot dead Al Jazeera’s journalist Shireen Abu Akleh in the occupied West Bank. Abu Akleh, a longtime TV correspondent for Al Jazeera Arabic, was killed on the 11th of May 2022 while covering Israeli army raids in Jenin in the northern occupied West Bank.

Read more: Who is Shireen Abu Akleh?

Women have no right to nationality in the MENA region

The MENA region has the highest concentration of gender-discriminatory nationality laws. An estimated 50% of the 25 countries in MENA deny women equal rights to pass nationality to their children.

Algeria is the only country in the region with nationality laws upholding complete gender equality, including women’s right to confer nationality on their children and noncitizen spouse on an equal basis with men. Thus, gender discrimination in nationality laws is one of the primary causes of statelessness in the MENA region, in addition to causing several other human rights violations.

Lebanon, Kuwait, and Qatar deny women the right to confer nationality to their children and spouses in all circumstances. Other States, including Bahrain, Jordan, Libya, Oman, Saudi Arabia, Syria and the United Arab Emirates (UAE), deny women the right to confer their nationality to children in most circumstances.

Read more: World Leaders Remain Silent Over Human Rights Violations in the UAE.

Malnutrition in women and girls increases by 25%

Malnutrition in women and girls increased by 25% in crisis-hit countries in the MENA region between 2020-2022. Over a billion women and adolescent girls are malnourished in the world. This has detrimental health, economic and well-being impacts. Most women and girls affected by this statistic live in the MENA region. Both local and global crises in 2023 could exacerbate the development of women and girls living there. Rising poverty and inequities increase the chances that people will turn to cheap, ultra-processed, unhealthy foods.

“Addressing malnutrition in women and girls is essential to reduce the gender health gap”

Amira Ghouaibi, Project Lead, Women’s Health Initiative, Shaping the Future of Health and Healthcare, World Economic Forum.

Therefore, the world is making slow progress. Issues like soaring food prices, climate change and the lasting impact of the COVID-19 pandemic risk making the nutrition crisis an even more significant problem in 2023. Nutrition is a widely overlooked issue; coordinated access and policy intervention are urgently needed.

Read more: Children’s Rights in Yemen Are Teetering on the Edge of A Catastrophe.

Survey Findings Provide Unprecedented Insights into Gender Attitudes in MENA Region

Despite incremental progress and the advancements mentioned above, gender attitudes across the region continue to fall behind internationally recognized standards.

The opinions and attitudes of citizens across the MENA region were recorded in the latest Arab Barometer survey from October 2021 to July 2022. This is the largest publically available survey published since the onset of COVID. Its results were shocking across 12 MENA countries, which collectively are home to 80 per cent of the citizen population in the Arab world. The findings give an unprecedented insight into the everyday lives of these citizens.

The survey showed a plurality of citizens either agree or strongly agree with the following statement:

“In general, men are better at political leadership than women.”

More than three-quarters of Algerians (76%) support this view, as do majorities of respondents in:

  • Libya (69%),
  • Iraq (69%),
  • Jordan (66%),
  • Egypt (66%),
  • Palestine (65%), and
  • Kuwait (65%).

Surprisingly, only in Lebanon and Tunisia do most of the population disagree or strongly disagree with the above statement.

Moreover, governments’ patriarchal character has effectively prevented efforts to address negative cultural and social constructs against women meaningfully. This limits the ability to change prevailing gender power relations and social roles qualitatively.

Concluding Thoughts

The development of women’s rights in the MENA region remains unresolved.

It does not reflect the commitments to the Agenda 2030 and the Sustainable Development Goals. Incremental progress has been documented, yet the pace is slow. Recent survey results showing gender discriminatory ideologies across the region show we still have much work to do to educate developing countries on gender equality.

Gender-based violence, lack of equal opportunities for economic activities or fundamental rights, and deprivation from political participation and representation have been the challenges facing this region.

Women are rising across the MENA region and fighting for their rights to be heard and implemented. Remarkably, women are igniting a powerful revolution against many corrupt governments, and their strength and courage are both admirable and breathtaking.

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Gaza on the Brink Again: How the Rafah Border Closure Is Pushing 2 Million People Toward Extreme Hunger

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Source: Reuters

Although the world is more focused on the ongoing Israel-Iran War, a lot of severe genocidal acts are underway as a backdrop in Gaza. The 2.2 million people who are living in the Gaza Strip in abysmal conditions are just surviving, day after day.

Amidst the war, Israel again closed the Rafah border crossing after it was reopened just a month ago. It is undoubtedly a heinous attack on the innocent civilians of Gaza. Gaza’s only direct gateway to Egypt has once again pushed the enclave toward a severe humanitarian catastrophe.

Israel was allowing just a limited number of aid supplies into Gaza before the Rafah closure, but this genocidal act has completely stopped every humanitarian effort. As a result, the crisis of food shortages, medical collapse, and worsening hunger is getting extreme.

Rafah Crossing: Gaza’s Last Remaining Humanitarian Lifeline

The Rafah crossing has long been Gaza’s most critical humanitarian corridor. Unlike other crossings that are controlled by Israel, Rafah connects Gaza directly to Egypt and the wider Muslim world.

The Rafah crossing serves through:

  • Entry of humanitarian aid, including food, medicine, and fuel
  • Evacuation of wounded and critically ill patients
  • Entry of doctors, journalists, and international humanitarian workers

Gaza’s population is heavily dependent on imported supplies. The enclave produces less than 20% of the food it consumes, making border access essential for survival.

Before the latest closure, aid agencies estimated that 500 to 600 humanitarian aid trucks per day were needed to meet Gaza’s basic needs. In reality, only a fraction of that number has been able to enter.

Ultimately, when Rafah shuts down, Gaza’s already fragile humanitarian system quickly begins to collapse.

Gaza’s Growing Hunger Crisis

Food insecurity in Gaza has reached alarming levels.

The United Nations has warned that hundreds of thousands of people are now facing severe hunger, and food insecurity is reaching its highest levels. Humanitarian agencies report that many families have already reduced their daily meals to one per day or less.

Key indicators illustrating the scale of the crisis are as follows:

  • Over 80% of Gaza’s population relies on humanitarian food aid
  • Nearly a million Palestinians face catastrophic food insecurity
  • Food prices in local markets have surged dramatically due to shortages

Basic staples such as flour, rice, cooking oil, and sugar are becoming increasingly difficult to find. When supplies do appear in markets, prices are often far beyond what ordinary families can afford.

But now, as the aid is completely blocked, the survival of these families is uncertain.

Hospitals on the Edge of Collapse

Before the Rafah closure, critical patients were admitted to Egypt’s hospitals for better medical care. However, since its abrupt closure, medical officials warn that hospitals – a few remaining ones – across the territory are facing critical shortages of medicine, surgical equipment, and fuel needed to power generators.

Key health statistics revealing the severity of the situation are as follows:

  • More than half of Gaza’s hospitals are no longer operational.
  • Thousands of patients require urgent evacuation for treatment abroad.
  • Fuel shortages threaten intensive care units and dialysis centers.

Doctors report that shortages of antibiotics, anesthesia, and surgical materials are forcing hospitals to delay or cancel life-saving procedures.

Moreover, Electricity is another point of contention. Gaza’s power grid has been heavily damaged, meaning hospitals rely almost entirely on diesel generators. Without regular fuel deliveries, critical medical services could stop altogether.

The Role of the Regional Escalation

The latest humanitarian crisis in Gaza is unfolding against the backdrop of a wider regional confrontation involving Israel, the United States, and Iran.

Military tensions between these countries have intensified dramatically, raising fears of a broader Middle Eastern war. As security concerns rise, Israel has tightened its illegal control over Gaza’s borders, including restrictions affecting humanitarian aid routes.

In practice, these security measures primarily impact civilians living in Gaza, who are already struggling with displacement, economic collapse, and widespread destruction of infrastructure.

The result is that Palestinians in Gaza are once again paying the highest price for geopolitical conflicts that extend far beyond their territory.

The Genocide and Growing Global Criticism

The entire world is appalled by the scale of genocide and devastation in Gaza by Israel, with the unravelling support of the US.

The International Court of Justice, the United Nations, and other international organizations have declared it a genocide.

Critics argue that the widespread destruction of civilian infrastructure, mass displacement, and restrictions on food and aid amount to a form of collective punishment prohibited under international humanitarian law.

At the same time, many Western governments continue to provide Israel with political and military support, framing its actions as legitimate self-defense.

For many observers across the Muslim world and the Global South, this response highlights what they see as a profound double standard in the enforcement of international law.

A Population Pushed to the Edge

For Palestinians in Gaza, the closure of Rafah is not simply a political development, but an existential crisis.

Every closed crossing means no aid trucks, medical evacuations, and absolutely no opportunities for relief. Each restriction deepens the humanitarian emergency facing a population already enduring one of the most severe crises in modern history.

With Gaza’s borders sealed and humanitarian access restricted, the enclave’s two million residents remain trapped in a territory where survival increasingly depends on decisions made by distant political and military figures.

This is not so bothersome for the people living outside Palestine, but one must feel the pain that they are living through. How can we survive without food, water, and medical supplies for days and even years? How can we see our children, elders, and women die of hunger, thirst, and bombs? The world must take action before it’s too late!

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From Gaza to Tehran: The Politics of Power Behind Western Double Standards

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Iran-Israel War

Across the globe, there are two dominating crisis headlines today: Israel’s blatant genocide in Gaza and the ongoing war between Israel-US and Iran. This war is undoubtedly imposed by Israel and the United States, labeling it necessary for peace.

Western governments and media houses frame their policies around the language of “security” and “stability”. There is a pattern of double standards that undermines international law, credibility, and humanity.

On one side stands Gaza, where more than 2.2 million Palestinians are being killed by Israel. It has produced one of the worst humanitarian catastrophes of the 21st Century. On the other hand, stands Iran, a country that is signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT) yet faces sanctions, threats, and even attacks on its civilians.

Why are some countries given carte blanche and strategic exceptions while others face relentless punishment?

Gaza: A Genocide in Plain Sight

Since the beginning of Israel’s large-scale assault on Gaza, the humanitarian impact has been staggering. According to Palestinian health authorities and international humanitarian organizations, more than 80,000 Palestinians have been killed, with a large proportion of the victims being women and children.

Entire neighborhoods across Gaza have been reduced to rubble. The United Nations reports that the vast majority of Gaza’s population has been displaced, many of them forced to move multiple times as Israeli military operations expanded across the territory.

This is the purest form of genocide in modern human history. The scale of destruction, starvation, and forced displacement goes far beyond conventional warfare. However, not all media groups are showing the real picture. Western media is showing its unquestioned support for Israel even during the most heinous crimes against humanity.

Western Silence and Political Protection

The United States remains Israel’s closest international ally. According to data from the U.S. Congressional Research Service, Washington provides Israel with approximately $3.8 billion in annual military assistance under long term defense agreements.

Beyond military aid, Western governments have repeatedly shielded Israel from international accountability. In diplomatic arenas such as the United Nations Security Council, attempts to impose sanctions or demand ceasefires have often been blocked or diluted.

This pattern represents a profound contradiction: while Western leaders frequently emphasize human rights and international law, their response to the devastation in Gaza appears far more restrained than in other global conflicts.

Source: TRT World

Israel’s Nuclear Arsenal: The Middle East’s Open Secret

Another major source of controversy lies in the nuclear dimension of Middle Eastern politics.

Israel is widely believed by international experts to possess between 80 and 200 nuclear warheads, developed through its long-standing nuclear program centered around the Dimona facility in the Negev desert.

Yet Israel maintains a policy known as “nuclear ambiguity” — neither confirming nor denying the existence of its nuclear arsenal.

More importantly, Israel is not a signatory to the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty (NPT), the global framework designed to prevent the spread of nuclear weapons.

Just because it operates outside the NPT system, Israel’s nuclear facilities are not subject to full international inspections by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Despite this reality, Western governments rarely criticize Israel’s nuclear capabilities or call for sanctions related to its weapons program.

Iran and the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty

On the other hand, Iran’s nuclear program exists in a very different legal context.

Unlike Israel, Iran signed and ratified the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty in 1970, which means it is legally permitted to pursue nuclear technology for peaceful purposes such as energy production and scientific research.

Under the NPT framework, Iran’s nuclear facilities are supposed to operate under international monitoring by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA).

Nevertheless, Iran has faced decades of economic sanctions and intense political pressure from Western governments, which argue that its uranium enrichment activities could eventually lead to nuclear weapons development. However, Iranian officials insist that their nuclear program is intended solely for civilian purposes.

Attacks on Iran and the Broader Muslim World

Recent tensions have further escalated the crisis. Israel and the United States have carried out strikes targeting Iranian nuclear facilities, including sites associated with uranium enrichment. The assassination of Iran’s Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, along with other high-ranking officials show how brutal these strikes are.

Just like in Gaza, Iran’s civilians are also being attacked. One such example is the recent bombing of a girls’ school in Iran in which more than a hundred innocent children and teachers were killed.  Such attacks raise serious concerns among international security experts.

Moreover, striking nuclear infrastructure carries enormous risks, including the possibility of radioactive contamination and the potential collapse of global nuclear non-proliferation efforts. Some analysts argue that military attacks on nuclear facilities could actually push targeted states to accelerate weapons development rather than abandon it.

Ultimately, these strikes represent another example of selective enforcement of international norms.

From Gaza to Tehran: A Crisis of Global Credibility

The combined effect of these policies has produced a growing crisis of credibility for the international system.

International law is being applied selectively, enforced strictly against adversaries, while ignored when allies are involved.

From the ruins of Gaza to the nuclear facilities of Iran, the politics of power continue to shape the Middle East in profound ways.

For millions of people across the region, the question is not merely about military strategy or diplomatic rivalry. It is about whether international law truly applies equally to all nations — or whether global justice remains dependent on political alliances.

Until those questions are addressed, the perception of double standards will continue to fuel anger, instability, and distrust across the Middle East and beyond.

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Crimes Against Humanity

Shockwaves Across the Gulf: How the US–Israel Strike on Iran Could Redraw the Region

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Shockwaves-Across-the-Gulf-How-the-US–Israel-Strike-on-Iran-Could-Redraw-the-Region

The clouds of a full-scale war are hovering over the Middle East amidst the Gaza genocide. The US-Israel unprovoked strike on Iran has sent political, military, and economic shockwaves across the region. Ultimately, it pushed the region into one of its most dangerous moments in decades. What Washington and Tel Aviv describe as a “preemptive defensive operation” is a direct assault on national sovereignty. It has become a dramatic escalation that risks engulfing the Guld in prolonged instability.

During the early hours of 28 February 2026, coordinated American and Israeli air operations struck multiple targets inside Iran, including military infrastructure as well as a couple of girls’ schools. Within hours, Iranian state media confirmed the death of Supreme Leader Ayatollah Ali Khamenei, along with senior security officials. Hundreds of coordinated strikes were carried out in the opening phase by Israel and the United States against Iran.

Washington termed the operation as necessary to neutralize an imminent threat. Israel also justified it as eliminating what it calls an “existential danger.” However, these attacks are unprovoked acts of aggression and severe violations of international law.

A Leadership Assassination with Structural Consequences

The attack on Iran’s Supreme Leader was not a usual casualty. Ayatollah Khamenei had led the Islamic Republic for over 35 years, shaping its strategic doctrine, regional alliances, and military posture. Removing such a figure represents a direct strike at the political and religious core of the Muslim states.

Decapitation strategies like targeting top leadership in the name of deterrence carry profound consequences. They do not end conflicts but often intensify them. Resultantly, Iran announced a 40-day national mourning period and vowed retaliation. Senior officials signaled that the response would extend beyond symbolic gestures.

Iran’s Retaliation and Gulf Vulnerability

Retaliatorily, Iran launched missile and drone strikes toward Israeli territory and toward strategic locations in states hosting US military infrastructure. Gulf capitals responded with emergency security consultations, temporary airspace closures, and heightened defense readiness.

The Gulf’s dilemma is acute as numerous Gulf countries host the US bases. While these facilities are described as stabilizing forces, they simultaneously transform host nations into potential targets during escalation cycles.

The Strait of Hormuz, through which roughly 20 percent of global oil supply transits, became an immediate focal point of concern. Even limited disruptions threaten global energy markets. This sustained instability could push oil prices sharply upward, intensifying economic strain worldwide.

Gaza: The Overlooked Consequence

The escalation comes while Gaza remains devastated by months of genocide. Humanitarian agencies have repeatedly warned of extreme infrastructure collapse, medical shortages, and displacement levels affecting the entire population. Large portions of Gaza’s housing stock and essential services have been destroyed or severely damaged.

Heightened regional conflict often leads to tightened border controls and reduced humanitarian access, justified by security concerns. Aid corridors become entangled in broader military calculations.

This shift in focus carries real consequences. When diplomatic bandwidth is redirected toward containing a wider war, reconstruction plans, ceasefire monitoring, and accountability processes in Gaza may stall.

Thus, the connection is evident – escalation elsewhere reduces urgency for justice in Palestine.

Economic and Strategic Fallout

The economic reverberations are already visible. Energy markets are getting volatile, and regional investors are recalibrating exposure to Middle Eastern assets.

Conflict in the Gulf does not remain confined to the battlefield. It translates into global price pressures, supply chain disruptions, and political uncertainty.

Strategically, the precedent of targeting a sitting supreme leader introduces a new threshold. It signals that regime leadership itself is no longer beyond direct military targeting. Such normalization raises questions about future conflicts and global stability norms.

The Muslim World at a Crossroads

Public anger across Muslim-majority countries has intensified. Protests, political debates, and social mobilization reflect deep concern about sovereignty and double standards in global governance.

This moment tests whether regional powers will push collectively for de-escalation and accountability or remain constrained by strategic alliances.

What Comes Next?

Several scenarios are emerging:

  1. Controlled retaliation followed by backchannel diplomacy.
  2. Escalation cycles involving proxy actors across multiple fronts.
  3. Strategic realignment in which new regional blocs consolidate in response to perceived aggression.

The direction will depend not only on Tehran and Washington, but on Gulf capitals, Beijing, Moscow, and European governments navigating between confrontation and containment.

A Dangerous Threshold

The US–Israel strike on Iran marks a decisive turning point. By targeting Iran’s Supreme Leader, the conflict crossed a political and psychological threshold that reshapes regional calculations, as it was a “Red Line” that had been crossed.

Whether framed as defensive or aggressive, the outcome is the same: the Gulf is more exposed, Gaza’s crisis risks being overshadowed, and the Muslim world faces renewed instability. History shows that wars justified as preventive often expand beyond their stated objectives. The coming weeks will determine whether diplomacy reenters the equation, or whether the Middle East moves into a prolonged era of open confrontation.

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