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The Scope of inter-religious pluralism within Islam

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Even though pluralism is a loaded term, its generic meaning suggests a phenomenon of peaceful coexistence between entities of diverse cultural, religious, and political inclinations. It is important to remember that pluralism does not mean the elimination of difference, nor does the word “tolerance” do justice to its intended purpose. Pluralism is not merely tolerating the other but engaging with the beliefs of others with peaceful dialogue and action. The scope of inter-religious puralism within Islam proposes this kind of pluralism.

Also, read Islamic Democracy: Is Democracy Compatible with Islam?

What does Pluralism mean in Islam?

Looking at the subjective meaning of pluralism within the ambit of Islam, the proponents of various Islamic discourses have proposed that pluralism is a pronounced feature of Islam. Many Muslim intellectuals claim that pluralism is central to the fundamental essence of Islam. A convincing case can be made for the presence of a compelling pluralistic ethos within the Islamic scriptures.

In his essay, Reformist Islam in Comparative Perspective, Mehran Kamrava claims that the rise in the level of religiosity amongst Muslims has given rise to other forms of Islam. One of which according to him is “likely to have the most resonating consequences for Islamic jurisprudence in both the near and the distant future” and calls it “intellectual Islam”. He claims that it is through this form of Islam that a Muslim reformist discourse is introduced. Which has produced significant work to locate the place of inter-religious pluralism in Islam. He further derives some themes out of the reformist discourse, very important with their reference to pluralism in Islam:

“First is a deep and abiding conviction in Islam as faith and a system of belief. In its current manifestation, the discourse of reformist Muslim intellectuals does not seek to instrumentalize Islam for purposes of achieving modernity in a manner palatable to the masses at large. Islam is not a means to an end; it is an end in itself. It simply needs to be re-thought and reformulated. The reformists’ reliance on and endless references to the Qur’an bespeaks of the text’s cultural centrality to them.”.

Such display of absolute faith by Muslim reformists whilst having reformist inclinations bespeak of their balanced position. A flexible modern vision can develop interfaith dialogue. The abiding conviction to Islam earns a sense of authenticity for their thought process in the eyes of fellow Muslims.

Read here, Islamophobia: Impacts on Muslim Women

What is Democratic Pluralism?

The next theme of the reformist discourse is “democratic pluralism”: “Pluralism, the reformist discourse’s proponents maintain, is a salient feature of the spirit of the Qur’an and the hadith.” (Kamrava )

To support his claim he cites another Muslim intellectual Abdulaziz Sachedina who quotes:

The challenge for Muslims today, as ever, is to tap the tradition of Koranic pluralism to develop a culture of restoration, of just intrareligious and interreligious relationships in a world of cultural and religious diversity. Without restoring the principle of coexistence, Muslims will not be able to recapture the spirit of early civil society under the Prophet.

In the globalized world, the facets of modernity like its political model of the nation-state have become a governing principle for all ethnic, cultural, and religious pluralism. This means the only larger identity governing the religious identity of the people is that of the nation-state. In the religiously pluralistic society of today, people may have different identities, but the model of the nation-state promises all of them the same status. People might identify with different religious inclinations, but the state identifies them as either citizens or residents of the state. This is exactly the kind of challenge that Sachedina talks about when he implores Muslims to revive the tradition of pluralism that is central to the Islamic texts for peaceful coexistence in the globalized world.

Also, read Why should dignified Muslims never normalize with Israel?

The Case of Muslims living as a minority

If Muslims live in a minority in a nation-state that runs on one of the political models of modernity like democracy or secularism, then for the sake of the welfare of Muslims they need to fulfill the duties that the nation-state demands from them. Andrew March talks about the jurisprudence of Muslim minorities also called Fiqh al-aqalliyyat al-muslima in Arabic:

Fiqh alaqalliyyat tends to be a discourse where departures from traditional Islamic commitments are not seen as desirable, and certainly not goals in and of themselves, but where creative rethinking often occurs in subtle and pragmatic guises. It is thus an important object of study for those interested in the ideal moral encounter between a public religion like Islam and modern/post-modern secularism. (March 6).

Important questions of interest toward non-Islamic institutions have been addressed from within internal Islamic discourses that advocate for a positive Muslim attitude concerning the issue of pluralism.

Read here, How Practical is the Secular Democracy of India? Curbing of Religious Freedom in Kashmir

Islam’s relation with other Faiths

The third theme within the reformist Islamic discourse is “Islam’s relations with other great faiths”. An important aspect central to the Muslim understanding of pluralism is the conception that god’s message in the Quran is universal and that the revelation was made through more than just one prophet, which means that the revelations had multiple manifestations. The basic underpinning for this idea can be seen in the Quran which mentions the monotheistic traditions of Judaism and Christianity. Far from denying the Quran in fact validates that Torah and Bible were predecessor scriptures affirming that their message has come from the same god. Many Quranic verses echo the sentiments which envisage a world where diversified people are united by their pious intentions and mutual devotion to God.

Also, read Islam in 2075: World’s Largest Religion!?

Some Important Milestones in the Islamic History

Apart from the theoretical contributions to promote Islamic pluralism, efficient action has also been taken within the Muslim discourse on a practical level to perpetuate inter-faith harmony.

One such historic step was the “1981 adoption of the Universal Islamic Declaration of Human Rights, whose article XIII states: Every person has the right to freedom of conscience and worship in accordance with his religious beliefs.”.

Apart from this, another significant step was taken in 1990 when the Cairo Declaration of Human Rights in Islam was adopted, Article 1(a) of which states:

“All human beings form one family whose members are united by submission to God and descent from Adam. All men are equal in terms of basic human dignity and basic obligations and responsibilities, without any discrimination on the grounds of race, color, language, sex, religious belief, political affiliation, social status or other considerations. True faith is the guarantee for enhancing such dignity along the path to human perfection.”

Read here, Is This the Ultimate Solution to Rising Islamophobia in India?

Islamic Tradition of Peaceful Coexistence

The Quran recognizes fundamental rights for all humankind whether Muslims or non-Muslims and explicitly forbids compulsion in faith. The Islamic texts also provide a practical model of implementing pluralistic ideals which have greatly affected the treatment of non-Muslims in Muslim lands. Contrary to the Islamophobic stereotypes, Islam not only acknowledges pluralism, but it also goes beyond the reductive concepts of tolerance and intolerance to endorse and encourages a tradition of peaceful coexistence.

Also, read Islamophobia: Impacts on Muslim Women

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Palestine’s Stolen Heritage: From Gaza’s Mosques to Sebastia

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For centuries, worshippers entered Gaza’s Great Omari Mosque through a building carrying many eras of the city’s history. However, in December 2023, an Israeli strike left much of it in ruins. Consequently, Palestinians returned to pray beside its broken walls and recover whatever could be saved.

In fact, Israel’s genocide in Gaza has killed innocent families and shattered the places where Palestinian life was recorded. On the other hand, in the occupied West Bank, the assault on history takes another form. At Sebastia, archaeology is being used to seize land and separate Palestinians from their own heritage.

Israel Has Damaged Centuries of Gaza’s History

As of March 24, 2026, UNESCO had verified damage to 164 cultural sites in Gaza. They included religious sites, historic or artistic buildings, repositories, monuments, museums and archaeological sites.

This is a confirmed minimum based largely on satellite images and limited inspections. It does not cover every damaged mosque, family archive or traditional home.

Gaza’s historic centre held evidence of more than 5,000 years of urban life. The city linked Egypt, the Levant and the Mediterranean long before Israel tried to reduce it to rubble.

The Great Omari Mosque Held Many Eras in Its Walls

The Great Omari Mosque was Gaza City’s principal congregational mosque. An ancient sanctuary at the site was followed by a Byzantine church. It later became a mosque and was enlarged under Mamluk and Ottoman rule.

Palestinians prayed, studied, and gathered there daily. Its architecture showed how Gaza preserved its past while giving the site new meaning.

Israel accepted that it struck the mosque deliberately. Palestinians involved in recovery work also expressed deep sorrow over this heinous act. The result is undeniable – a centre of worship, scholarship and memory was blasted apart.

The Loss Extends Beyond Gaza’s Mosques

UNESCO’s list also includes the Saint Porphyrius Orthodox Church complex, Pasha Palace Museum, Al-Qaysariyya Market, Rashad al-Shawa Cultural Centre and Hamam al-Sammara.

The church served Gaza’s ancient Christian community. The market carried its commercial history, while Pasha Palace preserved archaeological collections.

Anthedon Harbour recalled Gaza’s ancient Mediterranean trade. Saint Hilarion Monastery reflected the importance of early Christianity in Palestine and was entered on UNESCO’s World Heritage in Danger list in 2024.

These were places where Palestinians worshipped, worked, learned and understood their relationship with the land.

Palestinians Are Saving What They Can

Palestinian architects, archaeologists and volunteers are searching unstable ruins with few tools. At the Great Omari Mosque, teams have cleared debris and recovered architectural pieces and surviving manuscripts.

In 2025, aid workers moved thousands of archaeological objects from a threatened Gaza City warehouse shortly before Israel destroyed the building. The collection came from more than 25 years of excavations. Saving it protected evidence of Palestine’s deep history.

Sebastia Tells a History Israel Cannot Own

Northwest of Nablus, Sebastia contains more than three millennia of history. Its remains span Israelite, Assyrian, Hellenistic, Roman, Byzantine, Islamic, Crusader and Ottoman periods.

The site is sacred to Muslims and Christians because it is traditionally associated with Prophet Yahya (PBUH), known in Christianity as John the Baptist. A Crusader cathedral was later converted into Nabi Yahya Mosque.

Moreover, Sebastia is also a living Palestinian community. Homes, olive terraces, restaurants and businesses surround the ruins. Local families have conserved buildings and earned income from visitors. Yet the Oslo arrangements placed the town in Area B and much of the archaeological mound in Area C under full Israeli control.

Israel Is Turning Archaeology Into Illegal Annexation

Israel increasingly presents Sebastia through a narrow biblical narrative while weakening its connection to the Palestinian town. In 2023, the Israeli government allocated 32 million shekels to develop what it calls the Shomron National Park.

A later expropriation plan covered about 1,800 dunams, or 445 acres. It includes privately owned Palestinian land, olive groves, homes and businesses belonging to residents of Sebastia and nearby Burqa. Proposed roads and fencing could direct visitors to an Israeli-managed attraction while bypassing the Palestinian community.

In 2025, Israeli authorities issued 60 archaeological-site declarations across the northern West Bank, including 30 new locations. In May 2026, an unfortunate legislation intended to transfer West Bank antiquities to an Israeli civilian authority passed its first Knesset reading.

Additionally, a UN commission found that turning occupied archaeological sites into Israeli tourist attractions constituted unlawful misappropriation. It described the proposed transfer as an act of illegal annexation.

Recognising ancient Jewish history is not the problem. The injustice lies in selecting one historical layer, claiming ownership through it, and excluding Palestinians living beside the site.

In a nutshell, Gaza and Sebastia reveal two parts of the same struggle. One policy destroys the physical record, while the other controls how the surviving record is presented.

Palestine’s heritage belongs to the people who preserved it and built their lives around it. Israel may damage the stones or fence them away, but it cannot turn Palestinian history into Israeli property.

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Hunger Is Spreading Across the Occupied West Bank

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In the occupied West Bank, hunger often begins before a family even reaches the kitchen. A worker is turned back at a genocidal checkpoint. An olive farmer is blocked from his grove, and an employee receives only part of a salary. In this scenario, food may remain visible in shops, but the money needed to buy it has disappeared.

Specifically, the World Food Programme estimates that 900,000 Palestinians in the West Bank are food insecure—more than one-quarter of the population. Food needs have more than doubled since 2023. In fact, Israeli restrictions, land seizures, and settler violence are destroying livelihoods, while funding cuts are removing vital assistance.

Food Exists, but Families Cannot Afford It

Food insecurity means people cannot reliably obtain enough safe and nutritious food. It does not mean that the West Bank is in famine or every market is empty. Here, hunger is driven largely by lost income and restricted access.

WFP found that 76 percent of households had suffered a significant fall in income. Twelve percent had poor food consumption, while one-third of families could not afford a nutritious diet.

Many now choose cheaper food, reduce portions, and skip meals. Others borrow money, delay bills or sell useful possessions. Ultimately, full shelves mean little when customers have lost their work and savings.

A Heinous Checkpoint Can Empty a Kitchen

Israel’s illegal movement system divides the West Bank into disconnected areas. By the end of 2025, OCHA had documented 925 checkpoints, road gates, earth mounds and other obstacles restricting 3.4 million Palestinians—the highest recorded level in two decades.

These barriers stop workers from reaching jobs and delay traders carrying food. Longer routes raise transport costs, while sudden closures can leave fresh produce spoiling.

At least one-fifth of the obstacles restrict access to agricultural land. Ninety-eight Palestinian communities need Israeli military coordination to enter farmland near settlements. Access may be granted only briefly, even when crops and animals require daily care.

Settler Violence Is Taking Away the Harvest

Palestinian farmers face more than gates and permits. Settler attacks increasingly target olive trees, livestock, irrigation systems, water tanks, fodder and agricultural equipment.

By early July, OCHA had recorded more than 1,200 settler attacks during 2026 that caused casualties or property damage—about six attacks each day. Israeli forces are destroying life in the West Bank too.

In August, farmers in Halhul said settlement outposts and Israeli restrictions had limited access to about 14,000 of the 37,000 dunams they own. Much of it is productive farmland. In Deir Sharaf, more than 200 olive trees were found vandalised after Israeli settlers threatened their owners.

Israel Controls Palestinian Incomes Too

Unemployment in the West Bank reached about 30 percent in early 2026, more than twice the pre-crisis level. Poverty rose from 12 percent before October 2023 to 28 percent. More than 60 percent of surveyed households could not meet their monthly expenses.

Israel severely restricted Palestinian access to employment after beginning its genocide in Gaza. Before October 2023, more than 177,000 West Bank Palestinians worked in Israel or Israeli settlements. By late 2025, only about 52,000 did.

Israel also collects Palestinian taxes and import duties. These are Palestinian revenues, not Israeli aid. Their transfer has been suspended since May 2025, forcing the Palestinian Authority to pay partial salaries and reduce social support.

The occupation therefore restricts employment, trade, public wages, and farming that could provide alternative income.

Displacement Pushes Families Further Into Hunger

By early July, Israeli settler attacks and demolitions had displaced more than 3,200 Palestinians in the West Bank during 2026—an average of 17 people each day.

A displaced farming family may lose land, livestock, stored food, tools, and access to water. Money once used for meals must cover rent, transport and replacement belongings. Dependence on relatives and humanitarian organizations eventually grows.

Aid Is Shrinking as Hunger Grows

WFP had been assisting 400,000 vulnerable people through food, cash, vouchers and livelihood programmes. Beginning in September, funding shortages are forcing it to reduce that number to only 200,000.

In fact, needs have doubled, yet the response is being halved. WFP requires another $386 million over six months to assist around two million food-insecure Palestinians across Gaza and the West Bank.

The contrast is stark. The United States remains committed to providing Israel with $3.8 billion in annual military assistance. Meanwhile, the agency helping Palestinians eat must decide which struggling families it can no longer support.

This Hunger Is Being Manufactured

Palestinians have not forgotten how to farm or work. They are being separated from their fields, jobs, markets, and public resources. Donor retreat is removing the final protection available to many families.

Moreover, food assistance can keep someone alive for another month. Only ending Israeli illegal occupation, settler violence, and economic strangulation can give Palestinians lasting food security and a sigh of relief.

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Hind Rajab and Israel’s Machinery of Denial

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On August 19, 2026, the Israel Defense Forces (IDF) finally admitted that its soldiers had fired at the car carrying five-year-old Hind Rajab and later shelled the ambulance sent to rescue her. Shockingly, this acknowledgement came 933 days after the brutal attack.

This wasn’t the discovery of new evidence but the collapse of an old lie. Palestinian witnessed and numerous independent investigators had already established that Israeli forces were present and that a tank had fired from close range. Initially, Israel denied responsibility until the evidence became impossible to silence.

In fact, Hind’s killing reveals more than one atrocity. It blatantly exposes a machinery of denial built to protect Israeli soldiers, commanders and political leaders from accountability.

The Child Left Inside the Car

Two years back, on January 29, 2024, Hind was travelling through Tel al-Hawa in Gaza City with her aunt, uncle and four cousins. The family was attempting to escape as Israeli troops advanced into the neighbourhood.

Israeli fire tore through their vehicle. Hind and her 15-year-old cousin, Layan Hamada, initially survived. Layan called the Palestine Red Crescent Society and described a tank beside the vehicle. Seconds later, intense gunfire ended her voice.

Hind was now alone among the bodies of her relatives. Emergency workers remained in intermittent contact with her as she waited in fear for someone to reach her.

She was not missing at an unknown location. Dispatchers knew where she was. Israeli forces controlled the area, and an innocent Palestinian child was still alive inside a clearly identifiable civilian vehicle.

The Rescue Israel Approved and Destroyed

The Palestine Red Crescent could not immediately send an ambulance because its workers spent hours seeking Israeli authorisation and arranging a safe route.

After numerous hours of waiting, permission was received, and paramedics Yusuf al-Zeino and Ahmed al-Madhoun drove towards Hind. Their ambulance displayed emergency lights. As they approached the car, their final radio transmission ended with an explosion.

Israeli forces remained in the area, preventing recovery teams from reaching the scene. Hind, her relatives and the two paramedics were found dead 12 days later, after the troops withdrew. The destroyed ambulance stood approximately 50 metres from the family’s car.

Israel had been informed about the medical mission. The ambulance followed a coordinated route. So, its destruction cannot honestly be reduced to a simple communication failure.

The Evidence Israel Could Not Bury

Forensic Architecture, Earshot and Al Jazeera reconstructed the attack using satellite imagery, audio ballistics, vehicle damage and 3D modelling. Their findings dismantled Israel’s initial denials:

  • Investigators mapped 335 bullet holes on the family’s car.
  • Layan’s final call captured 64 shots in six seconds.
  • Audio analysis placed the shooter only 13 to 23 metres away.
  • The firing position provided a clear view of the vehicle and its passengers.
  • Satellite images showed vehicles consistent with Israeli Merkava tanks nearby.
  • The ambulance damage matched the impact of a 120mm tank round.

The evidence did not describe distant or uncontrolled fire. It placed an Israeli tank close enough for its operator to see the people inside the car, including the children.

The ambulance wreckage told the same story. Its damage, the direction of impact, and the Israeli tanks visible in the area all pointed towards heinous Israeli fire.

Denial Was Part of the Crime

Israel first claimed that its troops were not present at all. When satellite and audio evidence contradicted that assertion, official explanations shifted towards uncertainty, possible crossfire, and failures of coordination. But now, the Israeli military eventually admitted that their soldiers fired at the car and that a shell was later directed at the ambulance.

This changing story was definitely an effort at damage control.

Israeli blunt denial forces Palestinian families to prove every killing while grieving their dead. It delays international anger and allows governments to continue supporting Israel while pretending that the facts remain unclear.

Moreover, the United States has helped sustain this system. Washington continued supplying Israel with weapons and diplomatic protection while treating Israeli internal reviews as credible. Palestinian evidence was subjected to endless suspicion; Israeli claims were granted patience and authority.

Hind Must Be Remembered as a Child

Hind’s recorded voice has become one of the most recognisable sounds of the Gaza genocide. Yet she must not be reduced to a recording, a film or a symbol.

She was an innocent Palestinian child waiting for adults to save her. The rescuers came only after securing permission, and Israel brutally killed them too. Her family then spent more than two years watching the truth treated as a dispute.

By now, more than 73,000 Palestinians have been killed in Gaza. Most cases will never receive comparable forensic attention. Palestinian families should not need satellite images, international campaigns, and hundreds of bullet holes before the world agrees to believe them.

The Truth Never Needed Israel’s Permission

Israel’s admission did not make the Palestinian account true. It had always been true.

Hind’s trembling voice, the shattered ambulance, and the bullet-riddled car preserved what Israel tried to deny. Justice now requires an independent international process capable of prosecuting everyone responsible—not another internal investigation designed to bury accountability after failing to bury the evidence.

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